tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31501614795602710042024-03-23T05:01:37.848-07:00The Project ConsultantTo discuss and share professional experiences in the field of Building design, construction and project management, environmental management services, architectural, civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering disciplines. My focus is to create a platform to foster growth and development in these fields and inspire young professionals to greater heights.
You can publish your articles here too. Please contact me.Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-43886526301554567632011-05-27T13:41:00.000-07:002011-05-27T13:58:23.500-07:00PROJECT EXECUTION AND VALUE FOR MONEY: THE ROLE OF THE ENGINEER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small;"><em>This is the concluding part of a seminar paper presented by Engr. (Sir) M.O. Ebah, Chief Lecturer/Engineering Consultant, Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">PART TWO: THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">1.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Introduction</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The fact that an organisation or firm is executing a project with its managers does not mean that it has a project management system. Modern project management is a system that has a specific form of organisation with formal mechanisms for the control and supervision of the quality and progress of a project work. No matter the project, it requires good and effective project management system for its successful execution. A project <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>management system has some characteristics that makes it different from the usual or normal organisational management set up(Ritchie,1992). These characteristics bring along some advantages that make the difference and ensures the successful attainment of the project management objectives which give value for money.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Project Execution Management Characteristics:</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Project management gives: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Specified Date/Time</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Specified Budget/Cost</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Specified level of Performance/Quality.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpE8Nzmf9tNcTKHAnSUkKBtSWnembK90QBGE_9rWBKeAOI8u5ox8Jg6MpXhS4nya-PBrxPDuslqbeuhhIrolfYvbArFVQx2vpwosK2PILK7d_Y8x6ho3_Q7KLoenBglRBcpkTr7y4BnnBS/s1600/Untitles-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpE8Nzmf9tNcTKHAnSUkKBtSWnembK90QBGE_9rWBKeAOI8u5ox8Jg6MpXhS4nya-PBrxPDuslqbeuhhIrolfYvbArFVQx2vpwosK2PILK7d_Y8x6ho3_Q7KLoenBglRBcpkTr7y4BnnBS/s320/Untitles-1.jpg" t8="true" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">For project execution management – ie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>control, monitoring, and supervision to be successful and give value for money the following objectives must be attained.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The final result must satisfy the performance/quality requirements of the end user----Adequate/Best .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All expenditure must be contained within budget ---Economical/Cheapest.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The project work must be completed within the stipulated time---Fastest/Reasonable .</span></div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Standard Project Execution Management Organisation</u></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy5uU7FWvdYTUkQT7ycnrfZdqzYsQB6TYomhd5Rze-t77K6cDBJ2a90cTeStUyXL-t6GuVw8RXviSDU_LEObCPI5mbdQi_5boHVvvtjlge_B8GHtwAbNxALfV2sTbneEZai90u9aOhlZDg/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy5uU7FWvdYTUkQT7ycnrfZdqzYsQB6TYomhd5Rze-t77K6cDBJ2a90cTeStUyXL-t6GuVw8RXviSDU_LEObCPI5mbdQi_5boHVvvtjlge_B8GHtwAbNxALfV2sTbneEZai90u9aOhlZDg/s320/Untitled-2.jpg" t8="true" width="320" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh073Z3lPVuHsinmKbGvMwguqO4ONXU8a0dcVVp0y1tMU1z5iTq-v866OpJFkTfj6D-wEgNnx5HUs47PQV1i0LGHPvCkwSuizoBT5IgypZD25fR1coCMaUNtSxfXNg2oCchPJej79HcqCAN/s1600/Untitled-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh073Z3lPVuHsinmKbGvMwguqO4ONXU8a0dcVVp0y1tMU1z5iTq-v866OpJFkTfj6D-wEgNnx5HUs47PQV1i0LGHPvCkwSuizoBT5IgypZD25fR1coCMaUNtSxfXNg2oCchPJej79HcqCAN/s320/Untitled-3.jpg" t8="true" width="298" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">The management structure illustrated above is the standard requirement for the effective and successful management of the execution of any project. The project manager or supervisor must be vested will all necessary authority and responsibility. The above organisation chart shows that the power of execution is vested in the project manager. The functional managers provide the manager, monitor or supervisor with the required resources and technical knowledge. This is the standard requirement for effective and successful project execution or monitoring and supervision.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">4.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Project Execution Control</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">The activities, processes and programmes for the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>execution of a project must be properly regulated or controlled for its management and supervision to be successful and effective. It is only then that the project execution can give value for money spent.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Below is a flow chart of the main components of the good project execution control system. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyleaFqDMb92YMsR_umq2hLkwjKyznYsTozAkqi4mfNBztsTZYi_E6IKg-_JTf0RY_gpZbDzw_78AL2CsbrPYvnPMN0Ocx9Jo2HpTP0wFVDdO5Ydxw9P658k9wuplIjPHYmMqyUZPu8nIN/s1600/Untitled-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyleaFqDMb92YMsR_umq2hLkwjKyznYsTozAkqi4mfNBztsTZYi_E6IKg-_JTf0RY_gpZbDzw_78AL2CsbrPYvnPMN0Ocx9Jo2HpTP0wFVDdO5Ydxw9P658k9wuplIjPHYmMqyUZPu8nIN/s320/Untitled-5.jpg" t8="true" width="298" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">3.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>PEM (Project Execution Management) Objectives</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">It must be noted that the following<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>elements must be well understood and properly regulated or controlled if project execution is to give value for money:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Scope </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Cost</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Schedule</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Quality and </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">The personnel </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Scope</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Scope defines exactly the desired end product of the project which must be known to the management and supervision team or the project management team. The project scope must be known before any major financial commitment. Apart from the scope, an <u>Execution Plan</u> is also required for effective project management and supervision. The execution plan should be drawn up before the commencement of work. Normally, the plan should address every aspect of the work that will need policy decisions such as the following:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Who will manage and supervise the project – the client/government team/in-house or a managing contractor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The contract strategy or type.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Major objectives to be achieved – low cost/economical? short/long schedule? or high/adequate quality?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Cost</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Cost can be trend base estimates and department budgets </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">At the start of a project, it is usually difficult to make an accurate estimate of the cost of the project especially when detailed drawings are not ready. And so a trend base estimate is prepared which stipulates the estimate of required job hours for the project work, lists all known items and their estimated cost including allowances based on previous knowledge for unfully defined areas of work. Department budgets are trend base estimates broken down into essential functional areas of work or small segments. It is very important that all the jobs to be done are meticulously listed and costed accordingly. A job that cannot be measured cannot be monitored and supervised and its management cannot be effective. For projects that will last over a long period of time, provision must be made for inflation (e.g 10-15%). Also a contingency allowance should be added to estimates to take care of any inaccuracy in the cost estimate.(e.g 10-20%)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Project Schedule:</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Once the project plan has been agreed upon an all embracing project work schedule is a must for an effective and successful project monitoring, supervision and control. There should be a <u>Master Schedule and Department Schedules</u>. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">The master schedule schedules all the project jobs from basic engineering to completion indicating, the major functional activities which may be as many as fifty in number.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">The department schedules which are very effective for supervising and controlling the project work is a detailed list of deliverables from the various functional segments. Department schedules is made from the master schedule which is broken into smaller units for the functional segments. The project schedule lists the jobs and time required to execute them.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Project schedule can be greatly enhanced by the use of Network Analysis. Network analysis is used during planning to brake down projects into activities that are arranged in a logical sequence. Network analysis uses a network diagram to show the relationship between all project activities. With network analysis time, costs and available resources are specifically allocated.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlmXz2g_nFzwDGKvdFIZKfAbH-PpBbs_YqtOno_F14ccpXP9N7At1KiDL7d_VHsAWpzw3CnWaAxejWhtAlUiLZY9G6B9w4E-aHnui4J-7ctvTNuOUFW4Cc1itblxEO5llbPpA7ZfnY9JxR/s1600/Untitled-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlmXz2g_nFzwDGKvdFIZKfAbH-PpBbs_YqtOno_F14ccpXP9N7At1KiDL7d_VHsAWpzw3CnWaAxejWhtAlUiLZY9G6B9w4E-aHnui4J-7ctvTNuOUFW4Cc1itblxEO5llbPpA7ZfnY9JxR/s320/Untitled-4.jpg" t8="true" width="298" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">In a network diagram, there is a most important activity route or path called <u>critical path.</u> Critical path is the longest activity path(ABE) and takes the maximum time and so decides the total project duration. The critical path is made up of activities that must be carried out for a project to meet its scheduled completion date. It is most vital for a successful and economic project execution. It adds value to project management if accurately followed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">4.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Quality</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Project managers and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>supervisors must note that major delay in work schedule can result from poor quality engineering. Poor construction work and equipment supplied to the wrong specification affect project quality(Ritchie,1992). A comprehensive quality assurance system must be applied all through the project work to ensure that the quality of work is up to expected standard if project execution is to give value for money.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">4.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>The Personnel</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Once the project schedule has been worked out and the workhours determined, the number of workers needed for the job must be worked out for departments and units within them. Then work dates are worked out for each person or group of people as necessary. And based on the project execution plan, workers are then mobilized to their respectively duty posts. Workers are phased onto the job as required and immediately they complete their aspect of the job, they are phased out or demobilized. All project personnel, be they home office or field/site office staff, must be properly motivated for high productivity. Industrial disputes must be avoided or quickly settled to avoid job delay, which can adversely affect work schedule.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">4.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Reporting—Trend and Monthly</u></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">The easiest and most effective way to control a project is to have weekly trend meetings of all senior members of project management team and the client are in attendance. Weekly trend meetings discuss changes and problems related to scope, cost, schedule, quality and personnel. Reports of trend meetings are sent to the project manager who utilizes them to prepare monthly reports which keeps the client and organization management well informed on progress of work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The importance of weekly or trend and monthly reports on anticipated changes or problems related to scope, cost, schedule, quality and the personnel cannot be overemphasized. From trend reports the management and supervision team leader or project manager gets up to date information on any<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>matter that can jeopardize progress of work and he or she then takes necessary corrective action or step.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Conclusion</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">To be successful and effective in its work, the project supervision team or project management team must have a comprehensive knowledge, and understanding of nearly, if not all, the subject matters contained in this paper. From experience, I can confidently say that in project management and supervision, to be effective and or successful a sure route is the meticulous listing of all job items to be done and the meticulous monitoring of cost, schedule, scope, quality and the commitment of personnel in those job items. Only then can project execution<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>successfully give value for money. Project management is cost-effective, efficient<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and guarantees value for money in project execution if scrupulously applied. It is highly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>recommended.<u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></u></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>general conclusion, it suffices to add here that any of the possible routes discussed in this presentation or a combination of any of them, will ensure value for money in our project execution<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Delta state.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">References</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John L. Thompson (2000): Strategic Management, Awareness and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Change, London, Chapman and Hall.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="file:///E:/Value%20Engineering%20Program.htm"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">file:///E:/Value%20Engineering%20Program.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> of 18|12|2010.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/value engineering</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Khana O.P. (2006): Industrial Engineering and Management, New Delhi, Dhanpat Rai Ltd.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Ohmac, K. (1988): Getting Back to Strategy, Harvard Bussue Review, November – December.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Porter, M.E. (1985): Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Ritchie G.J (1992): Project Management Characteristics, Advantages And Phases; Bedford;Cranfield University Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Value Methodology Pocket Guide.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-89674270942057058562011-05-11T01:06:00.000-07:002011-05-11T02:30:22.576-07:00PROJECT EXECUTION AND VALUE FOR MONEY: THE ROLE OF THE ENGINEER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">This post was contributed by Engr. (Sir) M. O. Ebah, Chief Lecturer/Engineering Consultant with the Mechanical Engineering Depertment, Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria. I feel deeply grateful for this article and look forward to having the likes of this great and senior professional colleague being part of this blog.</span></em> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial Black", "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Abstract</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 47.3pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 150%;"><em>A project is an important and carefully planned piece of work, that is intended to build or produce something new, or to deal with a problem. A project could be the design and construction of a building, an airport, an offshore oil platform, or the development of a prototype car. Project execution is the doing of the project. For engineers to ensure value for money in project execution, there are two main, albeit interwoven approaches The approaches are Value Engineering and Project Management. The Value Chain method is also available for use and has been included herein under Value Engineering in the first part of this two part presentation. Value Engineering often thought of as part of Project Management, is a systematic method employed for improving the value of goods or products and services by using an examination of functions. In project execution, value could be derived from cost, use, esteem or exchange. Project Management is the science of assuring that meticulous attention is paid to all aspects of a project. The Value Chain details how the essential activities of an organization adds Value to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>its products and or services. This<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>presentation lists and expounds<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>what the engineer can do in project execution to make the process both effective and efficient so as to ensure value for money. It is an exposition of how the professional engineer can use Value Engineering, the Value Chain and Project Management techniques to give value for money in the execution of projects.</em></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">PART 1: THE VALUE ENGINEERING AND VALUE CHAIN APPROACH</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">1 .0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">INTRODUCTION</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">Value analysis or value engineering and value chain are systematic approaches currently being applied in industries and other business organizations for cost reduction and competitiveness. Value engineering is the analysis of the functions of a project, programme, system, product, item of equipment, building, facility, service or supply to improve performance, reliability, quality, safety and life-cycle cost. The industry and present day society have become so complex that it can no longer rely on the rule of thumb to execute and evaluate projects. Higher education has <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>enhanced knowledge, skills and the technical ability of people. There are now newer and advanced materials and equipment. Information is also now more readily available. </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">Systematic techniques such as value analysis and value engineering allow industry and business get projects executed more economically. A system is a collection of interacting elements that operate to achieve a particular objective. These systematic approaches can be used in the following areas:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Design and development of complex and highly engineered industrial equipment.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Design and development of military equipment and weapons.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Management of operations.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">In choice of tactical alternatives and</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">In deciding major policy alternatives.</span></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">VALUE FOR MONEY</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">The value approach or value analysis and value engineering was developed in order to make or produce cheaper and so sell cheaper but retaining the utility of the product.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Value is the cost (of a product or production) proportionate to function. Value is the ratio of function to cost. Value can be mathematically expressed thus:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Value = <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Function/Utility</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cost</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">From this formula for value it can be seen that the value of a product, in this case the output of project execution, can be increased by either increasing functionality or utility, or by directly decreasing cost of providing the function. Function is the purpose of product or project output and there can as many as three <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>types of functions:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Primary function</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">b<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secondary function</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">c<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tertiary function</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> <strong>2.1 Examples of project functions</strong></span></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: auto auto auto 0.5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">PROJECT</span></span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FUNCTION</span></span></span></b></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Road<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">a). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Transportation</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">b). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Economic development</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">c). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Status enhancement<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Stadium</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">a). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Sports building/Organization</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">b). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Development of sports</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">c). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Status enhancement<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Airport</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">a). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Air transportation</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">b). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Development</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">c). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Status enhancement<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Painting</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 4.25in;" valign="top" width="408"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">a). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Protection against corrosion and deterioration<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">b). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Recognition/Identification<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">c). </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Appearance<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">Viewed from this perspective of functionality, a project can be properly evaluated to know its worth vis a vis the money expended. Value as already stated is the ratio of functionality/utility to cost. Also value can simply be increased by either improving the function or reducing cost. It is a primary principle of value engineering that basic functions be preserved and not reduced for value improvement (http://en.wikipedia.org). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Value engineering can be applied to just about any functional aspect of a project. Emphasis should not be on cost reduction alone. Cost is the extent of resource expenditure on all aspects of the project. It is better to spend on just what is necessary and not more. Most times we spend more only to be asked why later. </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">2.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Value Types</span></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">Knowing the various types of values that can be derived from product or project execution result, will surely enable us as engineers to properly evaluate and execute projects for their worth in monetary terms. Types of values are:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Cost value: Which is the cost of producing or manufacturing a product or executing the project that gave birth to the product.-money expended on all resources.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Use or functional value: Which is the work that can be done, functions or services that can be provided by the product execution.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Esteem value: Which is the quality or appearance of the product or project execution output.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Exchange value and </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Life span value: Will it serve out its specified life span?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Safety value: Reduction/Elimination of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>accident and danger<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">- </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">Reliability Value: Performing to expectation</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fully functional outputs will guarantee value for money. Moreover, project execution must be thorough to ensure good quality and appearance of product. Good quality and appearance are good values for money. Reliability, safety, and life span are essential values for cost effective project execution. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">Exchange value, where applicable is also a sure value for money. If the life span of the output of the executed project is up to standard specification, then there is value for money in that project.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">In all project execution therefore, we cannot compromise all the above stated types of values. They must be given the utmost consideration if our interest is value for money in project execution.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">3.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Value Chain</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 150%;">The value chain as shown in figure1 below, is an illustration of how the essential activities of an organization can add value to the products and or services it provides (Porter, 1985)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTUcvpL5ro8vZEqyMyNs4MGy89_KXtNIgsgfwd7T0T8ExIbR9zqP01-mI-w27LpsNZ0Z8lvcEAQHC9cEIPZQYfxdKhyU2CE9bJSLn3HwBsD-RAvBDnqiQLS4HHEgH58FyIDn7jdwK-9teX/s1600/Fig+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTUcvpL5ro8vZEqyMyNs4MGy89_KXtNIgsgfwd7T0T8ExIbR9zqP01-mI-w27LpsNZ0Z8lvcEAQHC9cEIPZQYfxdKhyU2CE9bJSLn3HwBsD-RAvBDnqiQLS4HHEgH58FyIDn7jdwK-9teX/s1600/Fig+1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">The value chain is very useful for assessing the ability of an organization’s various functions to contribute towards competitive advantage so as to give value for the money it gets from customers or clients (Thompson, 1990)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">For clients to have value for money in their patronage of your organization or firm, it must be efficiently and effectively managed to produced values from the aggregate of support and primary functional activities. And in this case, for project execution or operations to enhance value for the money paid for its outputs or productions, primary activities must be properly linked to the appropriate support activities. See figures 1 and 2.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ3s4coc1wWOX93gtWTPu4lGsBQVhS4Yihs68yXLQ3yJwqDANjBTPyRnhjTPWjvrgCMgX7quh4InmKFHpaWdc4z94N1xGX0-XcUGB2a-RcZA7op6ntG6ky8qzsvipuyHN6XrruOd4yr-Ev/s1600/Fig+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ3s4coc1wWOX93gtWTPu4lGsBQVhS4Yihs68yXLQ3yJwqDANjBTPyRnhjTPWjvrgCMgX7quh4InmKFHpaWdc4z94N1xGX0-XcUGB2a-RcZA7op6ntG6ky8qzsvipuyHN6XrruOd4yr-Ev/s1600/Fig+2.jpg" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Value Chain Activities</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">As illustrated in fig 1 above, the value chain consists of five primary activities. The primary activities are linked to four support activities.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">3.1a<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Primary Activities</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">The five primary activities are inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. Primary activities are physical activities that create the product or service which is then sold to the buyer with required after sale service.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Inbound activities consists of activities that concern the receiving, storing, internal distribution of inputs for operations. These are warehousing, stock control and internal transportation.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Operations are activities that transform inputs to finished products and services in project execution.. Examples are machine/plant assembly, machining, production-sand filling, compacting, plastering,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>packaging etc.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Outbound logistics are activities that concern the distribution/handing over of finished goods and services to customers or clients.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Marketing and sales activities include advertising and promotion, pricing and sales matters.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Service activities concern, the provision of required after sales service, such as installation services, maintenance<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and repairs.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">3.1b<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Support Activities</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">The four support activities are the firm’s infrastructure, human resource management, technology development and procurement.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Firm’s infrastructure concerns organizational structure, planning, financial control and quality management used for the whole value chain.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Human resource management concerns activities that have to do with recruiting, training, developing and rewarding and motivating staff.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Technology development activities concern know-how, research and development, product design and process improvement.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Procurement activities concern the purchase of inputs used in the value chain. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Like the primary activities, all support activities can contribute in sustaining competitive advantage in project execution and so add value for money (Thompson , 1990)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 71.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 71.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Depending on the nature of the industry, proper linkage of these listed activities can contribute to the creation of competitive advantage and so provide value for money. As engineers involved<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in project execution, the activities must be of crucial importance to us if we want to provide value for money paid by our clients.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Conclusion</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">By applying the concepts of value analysis or value engineering<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in project design and its execution process,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>we can cut down on unnecessary costs without impairing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>implementation. By so doing we can add value for the money paid for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>our work by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>clients. This is the value approach.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">Another means of ensuring that our project execution delivers value for money is the value chain. This approach analysis the value chain activities and highlights how well the activities of the various functions and business units in an organization can be organized and coordinated. When the activities within our ministries and parastatal organizations are effectively managed, and linkage opportunities are utilized, cost can be better controlled and reduced to deliver value for money in project execution.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">The value approach comprising analysis and engineering, and the value chain are suitable and appropriate methods that can be applied to deliver value for money in all industrial/engineering<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>project executions. They are hereby recommended for use.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Comin up in the next post, Engr.Sir. M.O. Ebah will conclude this discuss in</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small;">PART TWO: THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE</span></b></div><br />
<em><span style="font-size: x-small;">Once again, I say thank you to Engr. (Sir) M. O. Ebah, Chief Lecturer/Engineering Consultant with the Mechanical Engineering Depertment, Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria. I feel deeply honoured to have you as part of this resource sharing network for the development and advancement of the practice of engineering and management.</span></em><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</div></div>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-67784771476545442722011-04-12T05:09:00.000-07:002011-04-14T04:19:06.327-07:00ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING AND SECURITY STANDARDS (Part 1)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This paper was contributed by: </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Engr. Kenneth Onako Ajayi (MNSE, PMP), </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consultant Engineer / Systems Analyst, </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al-Rosi Consult.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="General:"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">INTRODUCTION:</span></span></b></a><span style="mso-bookmark: "General:";"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The design of power distribution system is done, particularly to ensure that subject to the availability of adequate generating and transmitting capacity, the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">system</span> is capable of providing consumers with a safe, reliable, economical and efficient supply of electricity.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The design should be done to </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">conform to the statutory requirements of applicable local and international codes and standards such as ISO, IEC, BS, NERC, etc. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The distribution system planning goal is to assure that a demand growth can be satisfied in an optimal way from the Primary distribution feeders to the substations from where energy must be delivered to the final client economically while complying with several technical specifications. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">When designing distribution planning, careful consideration should be given to energy consumption, their geographical location, laws regarding the use of soil plus other aspects to come up with the substations dimensioning and location, the maximum efficiency routes, while minimizing the energy loss in the feeders and deployment costs, plus satisfying the reliability of service constraints.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="Planning_Procedure:"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Planning Procedure and </span></span></b></a><span style="mso-bookmark: "Planning_Procedure:";"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Network Development:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Distribution System planning involves setting of sub-station, routing of feeders and many other decisions relating to both location and amounts of capacity additions. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The following procedures can be adopted when planning the design</span></span></div><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Standardization of sizes and ratings of lines and substation equipments</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Standardization of substation layout</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Load forecasting</span></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Design of the project at hand, using a power flow model with suitable characteristics, so as to accurately simulate system performance. This includes:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Distribution lines</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Service lines design</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iii.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Substation design</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iv.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Consideration of coordination of protection against over-currents. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Estimation of project costs.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Presentation of the project in a sufficiently well-grounded and documented manner, so as to ensure that the technical aspects enumerated are dully considered.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif";">The following standards should also be taken into consideration when planning the design of a distribution network.</span></div><div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 31pt; text-indent: -17pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif";">• Distribution Code </span></div><div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 31pt; text-indent: -17pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif";">• Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations </span></div><div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 31pt; text-indent: -17pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif";">• Environmental standards </span></div><div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 31pt; text-indent: -17pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Standardization of Sizes and Ratings</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For each voltage class of application such as 230/415Volts, 11kV, and 33kV, conductors, insulators, lightning arresters, transformers, switchgear, etc. used in the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Distribution System</span> should be standardized with the objective of reducing the inventory. Specifications for these materials shall at least conform to relevant Nigeria/International standards in general. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">The </span></span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Electricity Distribution Authority</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> usually develops a study of the economic selection of conductors, to establish standard conductor sizes for use in electrification projects.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Standardization of Sub-Station Layouts</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Substation layouts should be design to conform to minimum requirements as stipulated by the Electricity Distribution Authority for that location. It is here recommended for the design engineer to consult the applicable distribution codes laid out by the relevant regulatory authorities (NERC in case of Nigeria) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Some of this minimum requirements needed to be fulfilled are detailed below.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33/11kV Sub-Station </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Independent Circuit Breaker control of 33kV Feeders and Transformers as applicable.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Group circuit Breaker control of Transformers as applicable. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Independent Circuit Breaker control of 11KV Feeders. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Provision of Tariff and Operational metering in accordance with <b>Distribution Code </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as applicable</span>. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iii.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Single bus sectionalized as applicable. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iii.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Single Bus as applicable. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11/0.4kV 3-phase Distribution Transformer Centres</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div><ol type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Transformers up to 200 KVA capacity other than those meant for indoor application can be pole mounted. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The layout of the distribution transformers should generally conform to relevant Construction Standards of the Electricity Distribution Authority. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The distribution transformers should be located as close to the load centres as possible. Transformers above 100 KVA capacity other than those meant for indoor installations shall be outdoor plinth mounted. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB) or Air Break Switches of suitable ratings should be provided on the secondary side of transformers of capacity above 100 KVA for protecting the transformers from over load and short circuits. Fuse units of suitable ratings should be provided on the secondary side of transformers of capacity up to and including 100 KVA for protecting the transformers from overload and short circuits. </span></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">INFORMATION COMPILATION/ANALYSIS</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is very important to start the electric design of a project with information from the Electrical Distribution Authority/company that will undertake the role of operator upon completion of the work, to obtain all existing data available on the project area and to take into account the rules of the company that is to maintain and operate the lines.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The following information should be obtained from the supply Authority:</span></span></div><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Standards and materials used (poles structures, conductors, etc)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Plans for network extension in the project area if intended</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Point of origin or supply for the project</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Voltage level of the existing distribution lines </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Number of phases available</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Distance of the substation from the initial point of the project (this can help to determine the distance from the substation to the initial point of the project for power flow analysis and voltage drop)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Existing conductor size from substation to the project (needed in the load flow analysis)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Load in the existing line (needed in the load flow analysis to determine the voltage drop in the existing line)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Average energy consumption in the last electrified area (can be used to estimate energy consumption in the area to be electrified examining the energy consumption in the nearby areas that already has electric service)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Existing penetration rate in the electrified area (how many users out of a total of potential users will be connected to the project in the first year, and the period over which the rest are likely to begin service)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Substation characteristics such as:</span></span></li>
</ol><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Source impedance</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Capacity of the substation</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Available capacity at the substation</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Voltage on both sides of the transformer</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Available taps in the transformer</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Existence of automatic voltage regulation</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Impedance of the transformer and ground connection</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Transformer connections</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Characteristics of over current protection devices (the type of device, brand, pick-up current, relay settings, the current transformer taps</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Characteristics of other substation equipments</span></span></li>
</ol></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">FIELD INSPECTION:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">On the completion of the compilation of the available information from the supply service authority, it is often necessary to confirm and complement the information so obtained by visiting the project area to establish the geographic relationship between the loads to be electrified. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">WAY POINTS:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">During this visit, by way of GPS, map, or vehicle odometer, distances and locations of towns and probable loads should be established. The following points of interest can be marked or noted on either the map of the area, or the architectural layout plan or the GPS.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Location of the substation, </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The end point of the three-phase line, </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The initial point and </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The center of each area/zone/community as the case may be to be considered in the project. </span></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Each such point should be recorded with an indicative name, which could be the complete name of the community/street or a simpler indicative name. In any case, keep a written file of all waypoints with the indicative name, the real name of the community, and the additional characteristics of each point. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-BoldCn; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">There may be other equipment in the substation that could have a great influence on the power flow model, such as capacitors and reactors, so be sure to record their capacity and form of connection to the system.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">RECORD DISTANCES AND CONSUMERS: </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Records of distances between all points, as well as the accumulated distance so far should be recorded, to facilitate the calculation of distances later. Also record the number of users in each street/area/zone/community in the same record. See the table below of an example of record of points of interest.</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To be continued. </span></span></div><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Engr. Kenneth O. Ajayi (MNSE, PMP) </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">is an Electrical Engineer with vast experience in Electrical Engineering practice (</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">power systems: design and analysis, modeling/simulation, automation and maintenance;</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">electricity distribution: industrial, commercial and residential building installations). It is worthy of note that he is </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">highly proficient in the use of engineering software tools for analysis and designs.</span></i></div></div>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-16723761480644889382011-03-31T01:31:00.000-07:002011-03-31T01:31:27.518-07:00PSYCHROMETRY AND CALCULATIONS FOR AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">INTRODUCTION</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Comfort air conditioning is the process of keeping a giving space within specified conditions of temperature, relative humidity, etc. Maintaining these specified conditions become necessary as a result of the unpleasantly high temperatures from solar heat gains and heat gains from lighting and other equipment in the confined space. The process is quite a complex one requiring an understanding of the properties of air in its different conditions as it passes through the process. Air primarily is a mixture of two major component gases (oxygen and nitrogen), traces of a number of other gases and water vapour. The water vapour in the air is condensable (under right conditions of temperature and pressure) and where all vapour in the air is condensed out, the air is referred to as “Dry air”. The typical percentage proportion of the various components of dry air is given below:</span></span></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Gas</span></span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Proportion (%)</span></span></b></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nitrogen</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">78.048</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Oxygen</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">20.9476</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Carbon dioxide</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.0314</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hydrogen</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.00005</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Argon</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.9347</span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It should be noted that the composition varies slightly at different geographic locations and from time to time.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The natural means of introducing water vapour into air is through <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evapo-transpiration </i>(from plants) and evaporation (from humans in form of sweat or from water bodies). As the conditions of temperature, pressure vary, water molecules drop out or are added to the surrounding air. The rate at which these occur is dependent on temperature, pressure and wind velocity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also the water vapour holding capacity of the air is temperature and pressure dependent. It is therefore vital for any one studying air conditioning to understand that the air under study is a mixture of two different gaseous substances. One of these is the dry air with composition as outlined above and the other, water vapour. The amount of water vapour contained in moist air within the temperature range of -18 <sup>0</sup>C to 37 <sup>0</sup>C varies from 0.05 to 3% by mass. This variation has a critical influence on the characteristics of moist air.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">BASIC AIR-CONDITIONING TERMINOLOGIES</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dry bulb temperature, DB (<sup>0</sup>C or <sup>0</sup>F)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: this is the ambient air temperature as measured by a standard temperature measuring device.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wet bulb temperature, WB (<sup>0</sup>C or <sup>0</sup>F)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: this is the temperature recorded by a thermometer that has its bulb wrapped in moist cloth and rotated rapidly in the air to cause evaporation of its moisture. A fast evaporation from the cloth indicates low moisture content of the surrounding air while a slow evaporation indicates that the surrounding air is already moisture-laden. In dry air, moisture rapidly evaporates from the cloth drawing heat from the thermometer and producing a lower temperature reading usually called the wet-bulb depression (the difference between the DB and WB temperatures)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relative humidity, RH (%)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: As mentioned earlier, the moisture (water vapour) holding capacity of air varies with temperature. This therefore means that for any given temperature, there is an amount of moisture that will bring the air to saturation (i.e. to 100% of its water vapour holding capacity). This water vapour contained in the air exerts its own pressure (termed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vapour pressure</i>). Relative humidity is the ratio of the vapour pressure of the moist air (the air being considered) to the vapour pressure of the same air if it were to be at 100% saturation at the same temperature.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dew point temperature,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T<sub>dew </sub>(<sup>0</sup>C or <sup>0</sup>F)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: this is the temperature of saturated air which has the same vapour pressure as the air under consideration. Note that saturated air has the same WB and DB temperatures. Because the air has reached saturation, condensation begins at this temperature and will continue if lowered further.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensible heat Q<sub>S </sub></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: addition or extraction of heat from a substance results in changes in the temperature of the substance. The sensible heat is a measure of the thermal energy associated with a change in the temperature of a substance. It is termed sensible because, this form of heat can be felt by the sense of touch. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latent heat Q<sub>L </sub></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: this is a measure of the thermal energy associated with a change of state or phase of a substance. Take as an example the heating of a kettle of water. As heat of added, the temperature of the water is felt to rise (sensible heat). At a point, say about 100 <sup>0</sup>C, the temperature stays the same even as more heat is added. The additional heat is used up in changing the state of the water from the liquid state to the vapour state. This added heat used up is the latent heat.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Enthalpy</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: this is the measure of the total heat (sensible and latent heat) in a substance and is a measure of its internal energy and capacity to do work <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">PSYCHROMETRY</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Water vapour, air, temperature and pressure interact with each other with consequences which can be exploited for heating processes or cooling processes. For example, as air temperature rises, its capacity to hold water vapour rises also and the warmer air becomes less dense. Psychrometry is the study of the behavior of air and water vapour and a sound knowledge of Psychrometrics is necessary to carry out air-conditioning calculations. The terminologies discussed above are particularly relevant in Psychrometry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the thermodynamic properties of moist air and various air-conditioning processes and cycles. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The figure below shows the variables shown in a typical psychrometric chart for any given point.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhifVCfexO7KruGPBtZgtOFpBO5XutPCyMWJ2ZrU3E3zhnTugRwEv0m5cEvY1Xg19ve-r5RXYslfCmoQw_MrdkQy52A4rJ2fkSa83D27-_Qpn8tvt_5nMx_Jl_pbW8fD9AOJwQkEYYxxBo4/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhifVCfexO7KruGPBtZgtOFpBO5XutPCyMWJ2ZrU3E3zhnTugRwEv0m5cEvY1Xg19ve-r5RXYslfCmoQw_MrdkQy52A4rJ2fkSa83D27-_Qpn8tvt_5nMx_Jl_pbW8fD9AOJwQkEYYxxBo4/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The chart helps the designer to calculate and analyze the work and energy transfer during various air-conditioning processes and cycles. Typical arrangement of the coordinates on the chart is shown below: It should be noted that psychrometric charts in use today have two kinds of basic coordinates. Those published by the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the Charted Institution of Building Services Engineering (CIBSE) use the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">h-w</i> coordinates, where enthalpy <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">h</i> and humidity ration <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">w</i> are the coordinates. Charts published by Carrier Corporation and the Trane Company use the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T-w</i> coordinates. An abridged ASHRAE psychrometric chart is shown below.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWuda-7-bwqegXjeF2kEA4IIRRBVqx0lCsrc2ihrq7QwMZxmHiywiZm88owZrKbGOITlNdCnAJAE0KMFRdrK7pZsvKriZwPkk44z-9lmYKBRXbLF0ApSiY5wlZYGYZ13uUTxzwIdr97h0Q/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="459" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWuda-7-bwqegXjeF2kEA4IIRRBVqx0lCsrc2ihrq7QwMZxmHiywiZm88owZrKbGOITlNdCnAJAE0KMFRdrK7pZsvKriZwPkk44z-9lmYKBRXbLF0ApSiY5wlZYGYZ13uUTxzwIdr97h0Q/s640/Untitled-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To understand the use of the chart above, let’s assume an air-conditioned room at sea level has an indoor design temperature of 75 <sup>0</sup>F and a relative humidity Ф of 50% and we want to determine the humidity ratio, enthalpy h, dew point T<sub>dew</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the indoor air. To do this, we shall follow these steps</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Establish the room condition of T = 75 <sup>0</sup>F and a relative humidity Ф of 50% on the chart (point r). This is the point where the temperature line at 75 <sup>0</sup>F meets the 50% Ф-line.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Draw a horizontal line toward the humidity ratio scale <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">w-line</i>, w lb/lb. This line cuts the humidity ratio scale at w<sub>r </sub>= 0.0093 lb/lb.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To get the enthalpy, draw a line through point r parallel to the enthalpy <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">h-line</i>. This gives the enthalpy of the room air as h<sub>r</sub> = 28.1 Btu/lb.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Draw a horizontal line left ward from point r to meet the saturation curve. This cuts the curve at 55 <sup>0</sup>F. This is the dew point temperature, T<sub>dew</sub>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">By using the chart, we can also determine the specific volume and the wet bulb temperature of the room air by simply drawing lines parallel to these coordinates from the room state point, r. To determine these two values draw a line from the room point r, parallel to the specific volume line (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">v-line)</i> to get the specific volume and another line parallel to the wet bulb temperature line (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">T<sup>*</sup>-line)</i>. These give the room air specific volume and wet bulb temperatures as v<sub>r</sub> = 13.67 ft<sup>3</sup>/lb and T<sup>*</sup> = 62.5 <sup>0</sup>F respectively.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">With our room air considered as state 1, now let us assume that a quantity of air of different temperature and relative humidity (in state 2) is brought into the room. What happens? Both streams of air will mix to form a third state point (state 3). From the principles of conservation of mass and conservation of energy (both well dealt with in many thermodynamics textbooks), the three state points lie on a straight line in a mass-energy coordinate system as in psychrometric charts published by the CIBSE and ASHRAE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It shows clearly that when two air streams mix adiabatically, the mixture state (state 3) lies on the straight line which joins state point 1 and state point 2. Also the position of state point 3 is such that the line is divided inversely as the ratio of the masses of dry air in the constituent airstreams. This is shown below.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUaHtCpqMqt7g2068w9agJlxaNiZVZVEdj29tODUxr0aI3QVinRAekx2qXxQ_U6wAa3f9knqiRk_tg50aRz8-KW4looNOpSgSuC9tR2qMti4no3zqyPXyrB9rMi6Q93EkxktcdG_luOggF/s1600/Untitled-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUaHtCpqMqt7g2068w9agJlxaNiZVZVEdj29tODUxr0aI3QVinRAekx2qXxQ_U6wAa3f9knqiRk_tg50aRz8-KW4looNOpSgSuC9tR2qMti4no3zqyPXyrB9rMi6Q93EkxktcdG_luOggF/s320/Untitled-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Since air conditioning is the treatment or conditioning of air to alter its temperature and moisture content to suit specific requirements, the psychrometric chart is vital in tracing, analyzing and predicting the changes occurring in the air as it is subjected to cooling, heating, humidification, dehumidification etc. Using the chart we can determine the amount of heat to be removed from (or added to) a space or the amount of moisture to be removed from (or added) to change the condition of the air in the room. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AIR-CONDITIONING LOADS</span></u></b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The main purpose of the air conditioning system is to provide suitable thermal conditions of comfort to the occupants or to provide suitable conditions for process or manufacturing applications. It is therefore vital to carry out cooling (or heating) load calculations to ensure that the cooling (or heating) equipment designed or selected serves the intended purpose of maintaining the required conditions in the conditioned space. For human comfort, it is required to keep the dry bulb temperature, the relative humidity and air velocity within control limits.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Principal sources of heat transfer to a conditioned space are:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Direct or indirect transmission of solar radiation from the sun. This accounts for a major part of the building heat gain. By proper design and orientation of the building, selection of suitable materials and landscaping, the overall energy cost (initial and operational) can be reduced. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Conduction through building elements (roofs, walls, windows etc.)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Infiltration of air into conditioned space through cracks</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Heat emission by building occupants</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ventilation. This normally quoted in terms of volume is the quantity of outside air required to dilute contamination from all sources to an acceptable level. This is different from the conditioned air being supplied to the room. The later is usually quoted in terms of mass of air required to absorb any surplus heat or moisture within the conditioned space or conversely, to supply heat or moisture to keep the space within specified conditions. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Electrical load due to lighting</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Load due to office equipment and or process machinery.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Design challenges</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">I choose to discuss the design challenges now before I go any further so as to give the reader an understanding of the shortcomings being encountered in the design of air conditioning systems for a location as mine, Nigeria. Some of these challenges are:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">First, in the design of the space to be air-conditioned most architects do not take into consideration solar geometry for the location being considered as an energy consideration for the building’s orientation. This accounts for high energy requirements of the air conditioning equipment.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Second, we do not have proper documentation and standards for the properties of the materials used in our building construction industry. This is vital as the mechanism of heat transfer is a function of the thermal transmittance coefficient (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">U)</i> and the temperature difference across the material under consideration. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Third, for any given location the variations in temperature, humidity and wind integrate to provide the climate experience. A study of these interrelationships, their hourly and daily variations, the seasonal changes in climatic conditions give rise to design guides for each geographical location. These design guides as published in developed countries such as USA, Canada, UK etc. provide valuable data for calculating air conditioning loads. They provide information such as design outdoor and indoor conditions for various locations and building use. They also provide peak solar gain times, peak solar cooling load in watt per building area exposed to sunlight etc. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">With these challenges, variations will surely exist in our air conditioning load calculation and therefore a lot of experience is needed in applying data from imported standards and guides. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CALCULATIONS FOR AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Having outlined the various sources of heat gain above, it should be borne in mind that when designing air conditioning systems, the principal concern is directed towards heat gains, especially during the summer months. The reason for this approach is because heat gains present more searching demands than heat losses. The heat gain in any air conditioning process can be considered in two main parts – sensible heat gains and latent heat gains.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible heat gains: as discussed earlier, this refers to that part of the heat which changes the temperature of the conditioned space. The quantity of air required to combat this heat gain is directly proportional to the difference in temperature between the supply air and the air in the conditioned space. This temperature difference is usually limited to a maximum of 20<sup>0</sup> in order to avoid draft within the space. The sensible heat gain is calculated using:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">H = M <sub>*</sub>c <sub>*</sub>∆T</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Where<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>H = sensible heat gain (kW)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M = mass of supply air (kg/s)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C = specific heat capacity of air (kJ/kg K)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>∆T = design temperature rise (K)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Latent heat gain: these do not cause any increase in temperature but affect the moisture content of the air in the conditioned space. If the air in the room is not saturated, then it has the capacity to absorb water vapour from the room thereby causing the moisture content to rise. As we know, it is necessary to provide heat for any form of evapora<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj465ITgpPLg6fUfoKRLitrCgKR_n-YPm3_po-yXXU-9zZ-mnmU70DNZGA35M-HoOuu-I_yiF2dQHt4HwJuKQy49St406K17PZ4kfsSYl_4MRzPIrvt18VKs9dO99z0_lNs4YYn-q5R9oeI/s1600/Untitled-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj465ITgpPLg6fUfoKRLitrCgKR_n-YPm3_po-yXXU-9zZ-mnmU70DNZGA35M-HoOuu-I_yiF2dQHt4HwJuKQy49St406K17PZ4kfsSYl_4MRzPIrvt18VKs9dO99z0_lNs4YYn-q5R9oeI/s320/Untitled-4.jpg" width="298" /></a>tion to take place. It is therefore customary to consider the addition of moisture to the air in the room in terms of kW of latent heat rather than kg/s of water evaporated. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">From the above, the conditioned air supplied to the room has dual function: it is cool enough initially to suffer a temperature rise up to the room dry-bulb temperature in order to offset the sensible heat gains, and its initial moisture content is low enough to permit a rise to the value of the room moisture content as latent heat gains are offset. This is shown below where S is the supply state point and R is the return state point.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Heat Gain Equations</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Having determined design outdoor and indoor conditions from necessary design guides, the formulae given below are employed for single space heat load considerations.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">S/N</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Quantity</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Formula</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Contributes to</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Heat gain for roof</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>r</sub> = U<sub>r</sub> <sub>* </sub>A<sub>r</sub> <sub>* </sub>CLTD<sub>r</sub></span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Heat gain for walls</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>w</sub> = U<sub>w</sub> <sub>* </sub>A<sub>w</sub> <sub>* </sub>CLTD<sub>w</sub></span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Heat gain for glass (unshaded)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>g</sub> = U<sub>g</sub> <sub>* </sub>A<sub>g</sub> <sub>* </sub>CLTD<sub>g</sub></span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Heat gain for glass (Shaded)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>gs</sub> = A<sub>gs</sub> <sub>* </sub>SC <sub>*</sub> SHGF<sub> *</sub> CLF</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Heat gain for partitions (walls, ceilings, floors)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>p</sub> = U<sub>p</sub> <sub>* </sub>A<sub>p</sub> <sub>* </sub>TD<sub>p</sub></span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Heat gain due to internal lights</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>SL</sub> = (3.41 <sub>* </sub>W <sub>*</sub>CLF <sub>*</sub>zone% <sub>*</sub>P)/100</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">7.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat gain from occupants </span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>sp</sub> = NP *SH<sub>P</sub> * CLF<sub>P</sub> * P</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8. </span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Latent Heat gain from occupants</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>LP</sub> = NP * LH<sub>P</sub> * P</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Latent Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">9.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat gain from equipment</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>SEQ</sub> = 3.41 * W<sub>EQ</sub> * CLF<sub>EQ</sub> * P</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Latent Heat gain from equipment</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>LEQ</sub> = Lat.Equip</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Latent Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">11. </span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible heat due to outside air (ventilation or infiltration)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q <sub>SOA</sub> = 1.1 * CFM * TD<sub>OA</sub> * AF</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensible Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">12.</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Latent Heat gain due to outside air (ventilation or infiltration)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q<sub>LOA</sub> = 0.68 * CFM * ∆g * AF</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Latent Heat</span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Q = Heat gain, Btuh</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">U = Design coefficient of thermal transmission, Btuh/ft<sup>2</sup>-F</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A = Net area, ft<sup>2</sup></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CLTD = Cooling load temperature difference, F</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">SC = Shading coefficient</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">SHGF = Maximum solar heat gain factor for north facing glass, Btuh/ft<sup>2</sup></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CLF = Cooling load factor for north facing glass, dimensionless</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">TD = Design temperature difference across the partition, floor, or ceiling, F</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">W = Total wattage of lighting fixtures including ballast effects for fluorescent lights, Watts</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Zone % = Percentage of lighting load to zone (100% if no plenum)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">P = Profile i.e. the internal operating loads profile at given hour, fraction</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">SH<sub>P</sub> = Sensible heat gain per person, Btuh/person</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">NP = Number of people in space considered</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CLF<sub>P</sub> = Cooling load factor to account for cooling system running 24 hours/day (equals to 1 since cooling system does not run 24 hours/day)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">P = Internal operating profile percent at given hour, fraction</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">W<sub>EQ</sub> = Recommended rate of heat gain, Btuh/ft<sup>2</sup> <sub>*</sub> ft<sup>2</sup> or Watts</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CLF<sub>EQ</sub> = Cooling load factor to account for hours of operation of equipment</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lat.Equip = Latent heat gain per piece of equipment, Btuh</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CFM = Infiltration or ventilation rate, CFM</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">TD<sub>OA</sub> = Inside – outside temperature difference at peak time, F</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">AF = Altitude factor, dimensionless</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">∆g = Inside – outside humidity ratio difference at peak time, grains of moisture.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In considering the cooling load for a whole building, the load from the single spaces obtained from the above formulae are summed up and further calculations are done to determine the following:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Supply fan power, Q<sub>SF</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Supply duct heat load, Q<sub>SD</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Return air load (recirculation fan power and heat gain through extract ventilated luminaires), Q<sub>RA</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Reheat load, Q<sub>RH</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In that case, the design refrigeration load will be given by:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Q<sub>R</sub> =(Q + Q<sub>SF</sub> + Q<sub>SD</sub> + Q<sub>RA</sub> + Q<sub>RH</sub>) <sub>*</sub> f<sub>P</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Where Q<sub>R</sub> = design refrigeration load and </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> f<sub>P</sub> = factor to cover chilled water pump power and heat gain to pipes.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">APPLICATION OF PSYCHROMETRICS TO AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN</span></u></b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Let us now look at a practical application of the psychrometric chart in the design of an air conditioning system. As the figure below shows, the design conditions are as follows:<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3QAUSQrH74E84hXXFNqaceexK-_OE_QDtMelaEga4fhqE7YgaEi9zL-9WWkC7vWDo4L2RIkikSIbfuSNM6gTKLBoX9gOeI3ZSyYIWnruXF5hcCQwc3klk4Ah20PBGwblcYRrn-pSxiVXv/s1600/Untitled-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3QAUSQrH74E84hXXFNqaceexK-_OE_QDtMelaEga4fhqE7YgaEi9zL-9WWkC7vWDo4L2RIkikSIbfuSNM6gTKLBoX9gOeI3ZSyYIWnruXF5hcCQwc3klk4Ah20PBGwblcYRrn-pSxiVXv/s400/Untitled-5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Room is to be maintained at 24 <sup>0</sup>C (75.2 <sup>0</sup>F) and a relative humidity of 50% RH</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Outdoor condition is 34 <sup>0</sup>C (93.2 <sup>0</sup>F) and 40% RH</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Total room sensible heat Q<sub>SR <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>= 135 kW</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Total room latent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>heat Q<sub>LR </sub>= 30 kW</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ventilation requirement is 1outdoor air to 3 re-circulated air (by mass)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Outside fresh air first flows over coil 1 where it is cooled to 10 <sup>0</sup>C DBT and 85% RH.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The air is now mixed with the re-circulated air and through the fan, passed through coil 2 and sensibly cooled to 12 <sup>0</sup>C DBT to be delivered to the room.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">We want to find the mass flow rates of the supply air at the grill and the outside air required for ventilation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, we would like to find the dry bulb temperature and enthalpy of the air handled by the fan, and the required cooling capacity of the cooling unit.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mass flow rate of supply air.</span></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">From the room conditions, using the chart below, locate the point at which the dry bulb temperature of 24 <sup>0</sup>C meets the 50% RH curve. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For clarity, you can copy the chart and print it out in A3 sized paper. From the point located follow the horizontal line rightward to hit the humidity ratio axis. This cuts the axis at w<sub>i <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.0093 kg/kg. This is the humidity ratio of the room air.<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKwbv1nET4E8GA-fXnULLvK0xbBnz8pNwEEF3DXsf2r2LtCKON42_9c1TAxItp0sYotglMsIqJQzm-eIHVAaUlveVHCwMhp4pAYpXn9JFNJAhzm7PdvJLL3xT6o-_gfaq49ue0ZRgkilkT/s1600/Untitled-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKwbv1nET4E8GA-fXnULLvK0xbBnz8pNwEEF3DXsf2r2LtCKON42_9c1TAxItp0sYotglMsIqJQzm-eIHVAaUlveVHCwMhp4pAYpXn9JFNJAhzm7PdvJLL3xT6o-_gfaq49ue0ZRgkilkT/s400/Untitled-6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Assuming a difference of 12<sup>0</sup> between temperature of air supplied to the room and that to be maintained in the room, then the supply air temperature would then be 12 <sup>0</sup>C.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The mass flow rate of air supplied is obtained from sensible energy balance,</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>m<sub>SA</sub> = Q<sub>SR</sub> / (c <sub>*</sub>∆T) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 135 / (1.021 <sub>*</sub> 12)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 11 kg/s</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The moisture content of the supply air can be obtained from latent energy balance,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>w<sub>S</sub> = w<sub>i</sub> – (Q<sub>LR</sub> /( m<sub>SA *</sub> h<sub>fg</sub>)) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">where h<sub>fg </sub>= latent heat of vaporization of water, 2501 J/kg. Therefore,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>w<sub>S</sub> = 0.0093 – (30 / (11 <sub>*</sub> 2501) = 0.0089 kg/kg</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Back to the chart, taking a horizontal line from the humidity ratio axis at 0.0089 kg/kg to cut the 12 <sup>0</sup>C DBT line, gives the supply air RH to be 100%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ventilation</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As noted earlier, ventilation is required to dilute contamination from all sources to an acceptable level. The volume of this air is usually related to the type of activity with the space and the number of persons in the space. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since 25% of the supply air is fresh air,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mass flow rate of fresh air,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>m<sub>o </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0.25 <sub>* </sub>11 = 2.75 kg/s</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mass flow rate of re-circulated air, m<sub>rc</sub> = 0.75 <sub>*</sub> 11 = 8.25 kg/s</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Condition of mixed air (handled by fan)</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Using the sensible energy balance equation, the conditions of the mixed air can be found as follows:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Temperature of mixed air:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> t<sub>m</sub> = (m<sub>o*</sub>t<sub>o</sub> + m<sub>rc * </sub>t<sub>i</sub>) / (m<sub>o</sub> + m<sub>rc</sub>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= (2.75 <sub>*</sub> 34 + 8.25<sub> *</sub> 24) / (2.75 + 8.25)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 26.5 <sup>0</sup>C</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Humidity ratio of mixed air:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> w<sub>m</sub> = (m<sub>o *</sub> w<sub>o</sub> + m<sub>rc * </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>w<sub>i</sub>) / (m<sub>o</sub> + m<sub>rc</sub>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= (2.75 <sub>* </sub>0.0134 + 8.25 <sub>*</sub> 0.0093) / (2.75 + 8.25)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0.0103 kg/kg</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Enthalpy of mixed air:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> h<sub>m</sub> = (m<sub>o *</sub> h<sub>o</sub> + m<sub>rc * </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h<sub>i</sub>) / (m<sub>o</sub> + m<sub>rc</sub>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= (2.75 <sub>* </sub>68 + 8.25 <sub>*</sub> 48) / (2.75 + 8.25)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 53 kJ/kg</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Required cooling capacity of coil</span></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">From the psychrometric chart, the enthalpy of air at the exit of the coil, h<sub>c</sub> = 34 kJ/kg</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Therefore required coil capacity, Q<sub>c</sub> = m<sub>S</sub> <sub>*</sub> (h<sub>m</sub> – h<sub>c</sub>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 11 <sub>* </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(53 – 34)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 209 kW</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">If you have not yet printed a large copy of the psychrometric chart above do so now. Then on the chart, try locating the state points discussed in this example. You should be able to locate the following state points on the chart.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Inside design condition (t<sub>i</sub> = 24 <sup>0</sup>C, 50% RH, and w<sub>i </sub>= 0.0093 kg/kg). What is the enthalpy of this state point from the chart?</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Outdoor design condition (t<sub>o</sub> = 34 <sup>0</sup>C, 40% RH). Find w<sub>o</sub> and h<sub>o</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Condition of the mixed outdoor and re-circulated air streams (t<sub>m</sub> = 26.5 <sup>0</sup>C, w<sub>m</sub> = 0.0103 kg/kg)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Supply air condition (t<sub>s</sub> = 12 <sup>0</sup>C, w<sub>s</sub> = 0.0089 kg/kg). Can you find the enthalpy of this state point?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Plotting these points on the chart will help you visualize the processes involved in air conditioning design. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is not possible to cover completely all the necessary issues of psychrometrics and air conditioning design in any one post. Feel free to contact me should the need arise for clarity on any item discussed in this post or if you need assistance on your design. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Thanks for reading through and hope you find this post useful.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">FURTHER READING:</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Walter T. Grondzik et al, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 11<sup>th</sup> Ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Jones, W. P., Air Conditioning Engineering, 5<sup>th</sup> Ed., Butterworth Heinemann Publishers, 2001.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Kharagpur, India, 2008.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-72506146758452718252011-03-08T03:56:00.000-08:002011-03-08T05:42:16.186-08:00HVAC DESIGN: SELECTING AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">INTRODUCTION</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The main objective of comfort air conditioning is to provide building occupants with a comfortable, safe and healthy indoor environment. The benchmark for comfort, safety, health and indoor air quality varies depending on the building use such as </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Commercial: Office buildings, supermarkets, shopping malls, restaurants etc.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Institutional:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Recreation centers, theaters, indoor stadia, schools, museums etc</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Residential: Hotels, private homes, low or high rise residential buildings</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Health Care Facilities: Hospitals, nursing homes etc</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Though the design criteria for the above spaces show slight variations, the basic design principle remains as follows:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Consideration of air conditioning fundamentals</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cooling load calculations</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Consideration of thermal distribution requirements</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Concepts of equipment selection</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz0HBCAxb-ACfrFPSU-5gdXQMTd8UUGLlzOeW7-PR6xCen9Aw3_kQdO3JppVi7CwoO_5CBAuPnrCLePVZDe64u_qqsYSPVlH_qar5uh__loglNgSMuV8wnPC7DC0pzEeo3Gc8DbJh-mdOm/s1600/Air+conditioning+system.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz0HBCAxb-ACfrFPSU-5gdXQMTd8UUGLlzOeW7-PR6xCen9Aw3_kQdO3JppVi7CwoO_5CBAuPnrCLePVZDe64u_qqsYSPVlH_qar5uh__loglNgSMuV8wnPC7DC0pzEeo3Gc8DbJh-mdOm/s320/Air+conditioning+system.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As shown in Figure 1, an air conditioning system comprises an air conditioning plant and a thermal distribution system. For space cooling as shown, heat energy in the form of sensible heat and or latent heat has to be extracted (transferred) from the conditioned space. The thermal distribution system serves as an energy transfer medium between the air conditioning plant and the conditioned space. The thermal distribution system also acts to improve the air quality in the conditioned space by regulating the introduction of a design quantity of fresh air into the conditioned space. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Generally the air conditioning system functions to:</span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Provide the required cooling and heating energy </span></div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Control and maintain the indoor environment parameters such as temperature, humidity, differential pressure between conditioned space and its surroundings, air movement, air quality and sound levels within specified limits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Distribute the conditioned air to the conditioned space.</span></div></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As facility developers, owners and users present varying requirements for the design, installation and operation of HVAC systems coupled with variations in building occupancies, location and outdoor conditions, HVAC systems now come in different types and configurations. A sound knowledge of the classification and the ability to distinguish one system from another is key on the part of the designer, to selecting an appropriate air conditioning system for the client.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This post takes a look into the types of air conditioning systems and the criteria for selecting a suitable air conditioning system. To get a good grasp of the discussion here, the reader should be familiar with some basic HVAC terminologies and principles. These include methods of HVAC design criteria, load calculations (sensible and latent heat loads, infiltration load, equipment and appliances load, ventilation requirements, etc), building solar orientation and heat transfer mechanisms through the building envelope, etc.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">In considering air conditioning for large buildings, the space is divided into thermal zones. The movement of heat from one place to the other has led to the development of HVAC system variations. The classification of air conditioning systems is dependent on various factors. Air conditioning systems can be classified into comfort air conditioning systems and process (industrial) air conditioning systems according to their applications. Similarly, air conditioning systems can be classified according to construction and operating characteristics as:</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Individual room air conditioning systems</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Evaporative-cooling air conditioning systems</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Desiccant-based air conditioning systems</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Thermal storage air conditioning systems</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Clean-room air conditioning systems</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Space conditioning air conditioning systems</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Going by the heat transfer media (thermal distribution system media), HVAC systems are also classified into air, water and refrigerant systems. Design complexities have also led to a closer classification of these systems as: </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>All-air systems</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Air and water systems</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>All water systems</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Direct refrigerant systems</div><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 153.35pt; margin-left: 194.15pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; position: absolute; width: 324.3pt; z-index: 251662336;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata cropbottom="7630f" cropleft="13889f" cropright="33333f" croptop="49943f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MECHEN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"></imagedata><wrap type="square"></wrap></shape><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ALL-AIR SYSTEMS</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">In this system, air is the energy transfer medium from the conditioned space to the plant room and from the plant room back to the conditioned space. It should be noted that in general the all-air <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_cJaKk92etTXWfy8mYtCOYQXDq-zcgVPat8OyzhyBoxv2Z_bTSqbaY8X8MgAetAc_KKZP8eUmb0vgXR_SObsAnXSSRFDWMcjCuTEN3gxkjn0Ay46AmREShm11gIU68n8bqsI8P_Ati5Ff/s1600/System+tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_cJaKk92etTXWfy8mYtCOYQXDq-zcgVPat8OyzhyBoxv2Z_bTSqbaY8X8MgAetAc_KKZP8eUmb0vgXR_SObsAnXSSRFDWMcjCuTEN3gxkjn0Ay46AmREShm11gIU68n8bqsI8P_Ati5Ff/s320/System+tree.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>system is adjudged best over other systems even though<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air holds much less heat per unit volume than water. <br />
<br />
This heat carrying limitation makes all-air systems utilize higher duct velocities (reducing duct size). This high velocity causes higher friction loses and noise levels which in turn results in higher energy utilization by the fans. Note that the use of higher velocities is only necessitated by extreme space limitations. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis5d_GJM-CfHUmuC1QIz6rZ-PaNp1nCEpZOIJhxR-Z9x_wAGv5RZgiYQ0wJZwlNN8gCofpBDhBvN7Q5WFu7vAc3mUEaKjEUJv7pk4jMRbumY3MzSN9hGDjkF59aoshGVaHgDq8D3k654ON/s1600/Single+duct+CV+SZ+system.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis5d_GJM-CfHUmuC1QIz6rZ-PaNp1nCEpZOIJhxR-Z9x_wAGv5RZgiYQ0wJZwlNN8gCofpBDhBvN7Q5WFu7vAc3mUEaKjEUJv7pk4jMRbumY3MzSN9hGDjkF59aoshGVaHgDq8D3k654ON/s320/Single+duct+CV+SZ+system.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">The terminologies used in this classification of all-air systems are as implied: in single duct systems there is only one duct therefore the system can cool only or heat only whereas in dual duct systems, heating and cooling can be done simultaneously. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6b4Pt6txFDexdn2Nhs2CAFIE4N_PR08nY2gSTrNzge6BkKfdK0HqRkLxP7RU5ddI_xcWFD1dun-SNXe2CS8eYHKQbuLsxhFzdqo-m07hY_pD46BFuKOGfAP2ydalbcqAsfUCVYWXUjMvt/s1600/Single+duct+VAV+MZ+system.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6b4Pt6txFDexdn2Nhs2CAFIE4N_PR08nY2gSTrNzge6BkKfdK0HqRkLxP7RU5ddI_xcWFD1dun-SNXe2CS8eYHKQbuLsxhFzdqo-m07hY_pD46BFuKOGfAP2ydalbcqAsfUCVYWXUjMvt/s320/Single+duct+VAV+MZ+system.jpg" width="320" /></a>For the Constant Volume Systems a constant volumetric flow rate of air is supplied to the conditioned space while the zone damper is used to vary the volumetric air flow rate in Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems. Some of the All-Air System configurations are shown in Figures 3 to 6.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="300" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU2w1qiJ_xvd5yKXjYWVCOrxRhNPpezTXYCBTlq0vF3oXnlCxCQKb_9eVTCnNrQLezmLqEdV0VyB75yAwnNqL3zY2zVBwRL7UoHQf-St-zUU1ic4-CQXMJ1IW_hItMv_ZuUfh5GZ3EN_mq/s400/Dual+duct+CV+MZ+system.jpg" width="400" /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"> AIR-AND-WATER SYSTEMS</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">In this system, two fluids (air and water) are used to convey energy between the conditioned space and the air condition plant room. A typical representation of this system is shown below. </div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkKA_EIaZl5aHlJZNxD4CKG3fSG_vFyjd9g1R2fFNFUx03qPk5arqfbgUe_NeyzsN3pNIaq_FZotIUOHSD-W50RPf1JtjibuDpQltu46WWgE57Saw-QlGE6a6yaFagyVaBfMsKbLQYrOg/s1600/Multi+zone+air+water+system.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkKA_EIaZl5aHlJZNxD4CKG3fSG_vFyjd9g1R2fFNFUx03qPk5arqfbgUe_NeyzsN3pNIaq_FZotIUOHSD-W50RPf1JtjibuDpQltu46WWgE57Saw-QlGE6a6yaFagyVaBfMsKbLQYrOg/s320/Multi+zone+air+water+system.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">The basic components of this system include a central plant for producing secondary water, a central plant for producing primary air, a room terminal (a fan coil unit, an induction unit or radiant panel), water pipes, pumps, air ducts and controls. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">The controlled delivery of air and water to the room unit is dependent on the design ventilation requirement and the required sensible cooling capacity at maximum space load. In this system, cooling and dehumidification of the air takes place in the central plant and the air parameters are designed to offset the entire space latent load. While the air takes care of the latent heat load, chilled water is supplied to the room unit to offset the sensible cooling load of the conditioned space. With the sensible heat load taken care of by the room unit, condensation of room air inside the conditioned space is avoided thereby relieving the engineer of the problems of condensate drainage and related issues. As can be seen from the diagram, the primary air being supplied at a much higher pressure than the conditioned space pressure induces flow of secondary air from the conditioned space. The water lines from the plant can be 2- or 4-coil depending on the system design for cooling (or heating) only or for both cooling and heating. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">ALL-WATER SYSTEM</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAi2PmN_OzqkfaEZNeNdp0170p9qtshHpAzcYl_aLNR5Mp9v7RkOhKWIv9b9JZJgkD7a6TmR3BwBWuepj8UzX8h3xomi_lCTSQjQmcB538xtFV2czwNhK5ZCtnvPbsBqvWZrM9cBvxch6P/s1600/Multizone+2+pipe+all+water+system.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAi2PmN_OzqkfaEZNeNdp0170p9qtshHpAzcYl_aLNR5Mp9v7RkOhKWIv9b9JZJgkD7a6TmR3BwBWuepj8UzX8h3xomi_lCTSQjQmcB538xtFV2czwNhK5ZCtnvPbsBqvWZrM9cBvxch6P/s320/Multizone+2+pipe+all+water+system.jpg" width="320" /></a>The all-water system uses water as fluid for the thermal distribution system. Since water is the only fluid transported between the air conditioning plant and the conditioned space, separate provision must be made for supplying the required amount of treated outdoor air to meet ventilation requirements. As in all systems that use water as energy transfer fluid, the all-water systems can be classified into 2-pipe and 4-pipe systems. A 2-pipe system can be used for either cooling only or heating only application. The 2-pipe system cannot be used simultaneously for cooling and heating. Instead the 4-pipe system is used. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 172.6pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 1.3pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 343.45pt; z-index: 251666432;" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="3915 651 326 1171 65 1301 65 4034 392 4814 979 4814 979 8978 718 10280 979 13142 979 17827 8614 19388 6330 19518 5938 19648 5938 20559 14487 20559 14552 19778 13508 19518 12268 19388 17228 17827 17228 15224 20360 15224 21208 14834 21208 8588 20947 8198 19381 6896 19447 6116 19055 5075 18533 4814 18663 1952 15270 1431 4633 651 3915 651"><imagedata cropbottom="36386f" cropleft="5120f" cropright="26653f" croptop="13231f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MECHEN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"></imagedata><wrap type="square"></wrap></shape>As shown in Fig. 8, a flow control valve, controlled by a zone thermostat, is used to control the flow of hot or cold water to the conditioned space. A pressure relief valve is installed in the water line to maintain a balanced flow rate. The heat transfer between cold and hot water in the conditioned space takes place through convection, radiation, conduction or a combination of these in the room unit (fan coil unit, convectors or radiators etc.)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">THE DIRECT REFRIGERANT SYSTEMS</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">The direct refrigerant systems consist of air conditioning units with individual refrigeration systems. These systems are factory assembled and are available in the form of packaged units of varying capacities (cooling equipment capacity is often rated in tons of refrigeration, TR). The units come complete with capacities ranging from 0.75 TR to 100 TR. The package unit consists of cooling and dehumidification coils, compressor(s), expansion device, condenser coil, fans, filters, controls, etc. In these systems cooling is controlled by switching the compressor off-and-on. The fan speed can also be regulated to provide modular cooling capacity control or enable the unit to be used for air circulation only (switching off the refrigeration system completely).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><u>BASIC APPROACH AND CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS</u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">As mentioned earlier, a sound knowledge of the classification, configuration, system application criteria, advantages and disadvantages of the various systems and configurations are essential in the selection of a suitable air conditioning system for a facility. Basically, selecting an air conditioning system will require a careful consideration of the following:</div><ul><li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">Architectural constraints (building application, occupancy, space constraints, building form, flow, orientation, etc)</div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">Cost constraints (initial and operating costs)</div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">Ease of accessibility and maintenance</div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">Capacity and performance requirements (indoor air quality, zoning and thermal control, energy considerations, noise levels, fire safety and smoke control etc.)</div></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">Required system reliability and flexibility</div></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">It is worth mentioning that the weight of the above factors in the decision making process varies according to project peculiarities (ownership, construction expertise, etc). Usually, the engineer considers all the systems, and narrows his focus to about two or three from which he selects the most appropriate according to the above criteria. Also to help in the selection, my advice is to consider the air conditioning system as comprising subsystems, main components and support equipment or accessories.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Univers-Bold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRAINTS </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Designing air conditioning for different building applications and occupancies requires a consideration of different design criteria, operating hours, and different system characteristics. Specific design criteria usually dictate the type of air conditioning system that should be selected. A good example is the design of an air conditioning system for a class 10 clean room for fabrication of semiconductor wafer. In this case a constant-volume central system is always the preferred option. When the clean room is in operation, adequate clean air must be provided to maintain unidirectional flow to prevent the contamination of semiconductor wafers by sub-micrometer-size particulates. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It should be noted that a constant-volume system with electric terminal reheat is always preferable to a VAV system in places requiring high-precision constant temperature to be maintained in the conditioned space. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">For guest rooms in luxury hotels, a four-pipe fan-coil system is the most widely used air conditioning system as in addition to the systems ease of maintenance, the four-pipe fan-coil system provides individual temperature and fan speed controls as well as a positive supply of adequate outdoor ventilation air. When the room is not occupied, the fan coil unit (in the room) can be turned off conveniently.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Space limitations specified by the architect or facility owner also influence the selection of the air conditioning system. For example where the design for a high-rise building provides no rooftop space for AHUs and other mechanical equipment, or if there is not enough space for supply and return duct shafts, a floor-by-floor AHU central system may be the practical choice. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Univers-Bold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CAPACITY AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Another vital consideration for the selection of air conditioning system is the system capacity. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a single-story small retail shop, a constant-volume packaged system is often chosen. If the conditioned space is a large indoor stadium with a seating capacity of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>up to 70,000 spectators, a single-zone VAV central system is often selected. This system also guarantees the provision of minimum ventilation controls for required indoor air quality regulation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Univers-Bold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">It is worth mentioning here that a central system with AHUs, a few water-cooled centrifugal chillers, and cooling towers needs less maintenance work than a packaged system with many rooftop air-cooled units. A VAV reheat central system needs less maintenance work in the fan and plant rooms than fan-coil system, which often requires much maintenance work in the ceiling space directly above the conditioned space.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Univers-Bold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">COST CONSIDERATIONS </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Initial cost and operating costs (mainly energy cost) are always primary factors that affect the selection of an air conditioning system. The initial cost of the air conditioning system in a building, expressed in $ /m2, depends on the building occupancies, system configurations, size of the building, and capabilities of specific systems. Generally, the more complex an air conditioning system becomes and the more features it has, the higher will be the initial cost. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"><u>ALL-AIR SYSTEMS</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">All-air systems have found extensive use in both </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">comfort and industrial air conditioning </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">applications where uniform loads are encountered and where precision control is required. Typical applications include </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">operation theatres, office buildings, computer rooms, clean rooms, classrooms, research facilities, laboratories, hospitals, hotels, ships </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">etc. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Advantages of all-air systems:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">1. All-air systems offer the greatest potential for energy conservation by utilizing the outdoor air effectively.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">2. By using high-quality controls it is possible to maintain high precision in the temperature and relative humidity of the conditioned space.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">3. Using dual duct systems, it is possible to provide simultaneous cooling and heating. Changeover from cooling to heating and vice versa is relatively simple in all air systems.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">4. It is possible to provide good room air distribution and ventilation under all conditions of load.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">5. Building pressurization can be achieved easily.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">6. The complete air conditioning plant including the supply and return air fans can be located away from the conditioned space. Due to this it is possible to use a wide variety of air filters and avoid noise in the conditioned space.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Disadvantages of all-air systems:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">1. They occupy more space and thus reduce the available floor space in the buildings. It could be difficult to provide air conditioning in high-rise buildings with the plant on the ground floor or basement due to space constraints.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">2. Balancing of air in large and particularly with variable air volume systems could be difficult.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><u>AIR – WATER SYSTEMS</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">These systems are mainly used in </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">exterior buildings with large sensible loads </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">and where close control of humidity in the conditioned space is not required. These systems have also found extensive use in some office buildings, hospitals, schools, hotels, apartments etc. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Advantages of air-water systems:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">1. Individual zone control is possible in an economic manner using room thermostats, which control either the secondary water flow rate or the secondary air (in fan coil units) or both.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">2. It is possible to provide simultaneous cooling and heating using primary air and secondary water.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">3. Space requirement is reduced, as the amount of primary supplied is less than that of an all air systems.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">4. Positive ventilation can be ensured under all conditions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">5. Since no latent heat transfer is required in the cooling coil kept in the conditioned space, the coil operates dry and its life thereby increases and problems related to odors or fungal growth in conditioned space is avoided.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">6. The conditioned space can sometimes be heated with the help of the heating coil and secondary air, thus avoiding supply of primary air during winter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">7. Service of indoor units is relatively simpler compared to all water systems.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Disadvantages of air-water systems:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">1. Operation and control are complicated due to the need for handling and controlling both primary air and secondary water.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">2. In general these systems are limited to perimeter zones.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">3. The secondary water coils in the conditioned space can become dirty if the quality of filters used in the room units is not good.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">4. Since a constant amount of primary air is supplied to conditioned space, and room control is only through the control of room cooling/heating coils, shutting down the supply of primary air to unoccupied spaces is not possible.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">5. If there is abnormally high latent load on the building, then condensation may take place on the cooling coil of secondary water.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">6. Initial cost could be high compared to all air systems.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"><u>ALL-WATER SYSTEMS</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">All water systems using fan coil units are most suitable in </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">buildings requiring individual room control</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">, such as hotels, apartment buildings and office buildings.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Advantages of all - water systems:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">1. The thermal distribution system requires very less space compared to all air systems. Thus there is no penalty in terms of conditioned floor space. Also the plant size will be small due to the absence of large supply air fans.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">2. Individual room control is possible, and at the same time the system offers all the benefits of a large central system.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">3. Since the temperature of hot water required for space heating is small, it is possible to use solar or waste heat for winter heating.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">4. Simultaneous cooling and heating is possible with 4-pipe systems.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Disadvantages of all - water systems:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">1. Requires higher maintenance compared to all air systems, particularly in the conditioned space.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">2. Draining of condensate water can be messy and may also create health problems if water stagnates in the drain tray. This problem can be eliminated, if dehumidification is provided by a central ventilation system, and the cooling coil is used only for sensible cooling of room air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">3. If ventilation is provided by opening windows or wall apertures, then, it is difficult to ensure positive ventilation under all circumstances, as this depends on wind and stack effects.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">4. Control of humidity, particularly during summer is difficult using chilled water control valves.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"><u>DIRECT REFRIGERANT SYSTEMS</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">Unitary refrigerant based systems are used where stringent control of conditioned space temperature and humidity is not required and where the initial cost should be low with a small lead time. These systems can be used for air conditioning </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">individual rooms to large office buildings</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">classrooms</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hotels</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">shopping centers</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">nursing homes </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">etc. These systems are especially suited for existing building with a limitation on available floor space for air conditioning systems.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Advantages of Direct Refrigerant Systems:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">1. Individual room control is simple and inexpensive.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">2. Each conditioned space has individual air distribution with simple adjustment by the occupants.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">3. Performance of the system is guaranteed by the manufacturer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">4. System installation is simple and takes very less time.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">5. Operation of the system is simple and there is no need for a trained operator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">6. Initial cost is normally low compared to central systems.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">7. Retrofitting is easy as the required floor space is small.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Disadvantages of Direct Refrigerant Systems:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">1. As the components are selected and matched by the manufacturer, the system is less flexible in terms of air flow rate, condenser and evaporator sizes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">2. Power consumption per TR could be higher compared to central systems.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">3. Close control of space humidity is generally difficult.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">4. Noise level in the conditioned space could be higher.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">5. Limited ventilation capabilities.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">6. Systems are generally designed to meet the appliance standards, rather than the building standards.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">7. May not be appealing aesthetically.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">8. The space temperature may experience a swing if on-off control is used as in room air conditioners.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">9. Limited options for controlling room air distribution.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">10. Equipment life is relatively short.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"><u>FURTHER READING</u>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Walter T. Grondzik et al, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 11<sup>th</sup> Ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">HVAC Design Manual For New Hospitals, Published by the Dept. of Veterans Affairs, Feb., 2008</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Roger W. Maines, HVAC Systems Design Handbook, 3<sup>rd</sup> Ed.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Kharagpur, India, 2008.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></div>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com32tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-57275725286708917562011-02-24T02:27:00.000-08:002011-02-24T02:27:33.514-08:00DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY FOR BUILDINGS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In this post, I bring you a mechanical services design I carried out for one of my projects. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The building is a 1-storey lecture block was designed to seat 640 students in eight classrooms in addition to office spaces and laboratories. </span></div><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The building is a 1-storey block which seats on an approximate area of 2,190 m<sup>2</sup>. Each floor comprises 4 lecture rooms of total area 960 m<sup>2</sup> and administrative offices occupying a total of 960 m<sup>2</sup>. The administrative area also has an 80 m<sup>2</sup> library on each floor. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkuXSMnBxg4x6IMhcFutOYOSbk5XJvpxGuUaUMxm69GOZKHh_UYcdFf4DSqlPgbUXHG3QBacgD66UyPj00VwQzbGnm_9BIIvhCDT-0dEzs64S8ndAL3i6f1iVSlgHf8T73-6rqB60DhVkq/s1600/Design+of+Water+supply-Model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" j6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkuXSMnBxg4x6IMhcFutOYOSbk5XJvpxGuUaUMxm69GOZKHh_UYcdFf4DSqlPgbUXHG3QBacgD66UyPj00VwQzbGnm_9BIIvhCDT-0dEzs64S8ndAL3i6f1iVSlgHf8T73-6rqB60DhVkq/s1600/Design+of+Water+supply-Model.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The building has an apex height of 10.5m from the lowest point. An average ceiling-floor height of 3m exists on all floors.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The toilet areas on each floor were in three sections as shown with a total of 26 WCs and 26 Wash basins. The architectural drawing used for this design is shown below.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">To download large size of the above image click on the link <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://uploading.com/files/b9m89d36/Design%2Bof%2BWater%2Bsupply-Model%2B2.jpg">http://uploading.com/files/b9m89d36/Design%2Bof%2BWater%2Bsupply-Model%2B2.jpg</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The floor plan of the building is above. Note that some of the floor plan details have been removed in the drawing shown as this is for educational purpose for the topic being treated here.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The scope of the mechanical designs covered (here in this post); Design of the water supply system.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">REFERENCES, TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEETS AND SPECIFICATIONS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In the course of the design of this project I sought guidance from relevant technical materials (See references for further reading). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tables shown below were also used in the course of this design.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 445px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Type of Building </span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Storage in Litres</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 129.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 129.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dwelling houses & flats per residents</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hostels per residents</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hotels per residents</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Offices without canteens per head</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Offices with canteens per head</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Restaurants per head/per meal</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Day schools per head</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Boarding schools per head</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nurses’ homes & medical quarter per residents</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 129.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">91</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">91</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">136</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">37</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">45</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">27</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">91</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">114</span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in -9pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Table A. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Provision of Cold Water to cover 24-hour interruption of supply C.P 310 Water Supply.<sup>1</sup></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Type of Appliances</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rate of Flow (litres/s)</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">W.C flushing cistern</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wash basin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wash basin with spray taps</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bath (private)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bath (public)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shower (with nozzle)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sink with 13mm taps</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sink with 19mm taps </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sink with 25mm taps</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.12</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.15</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.04</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.30</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.60</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.12</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.20</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.30</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.60</span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Table B. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Recommended minimum rate of flow rate and appliances</i>. <sup>2</sup></span></div><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RELEVANT CODES CONSULTED</span></b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">British Standard Institute BS 3402 (Quality of Vitreous China Sanitary Appliances)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BS 3505 (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pressure Pipes for Cold Portable Water)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BS 4514 (Unplasticized PVC Soil and Ventilating Pipes)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The National Plumbing Code</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Uniform Plumbing Code</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Code of Practice 304, 1968</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND METHODOLOGY</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In the course of the design of the project I sought guidance from relevant technical materials, some mentioned here.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The services design was carried out in the following stages.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Planning and layout of water distribution and drainage pipe work</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Design calculations and analysis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Final design drawings</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">WATER SUPPLY </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">There was no supply from the public mains. For this project a 200mm diameter borehole was sunk to provide water which is passed through a treatment plant and the water is stored in an over head tank located on a 6.5 m high structural steel stanchion.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WASTE DISPOSAL</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No provision was made for ducting of the toilets. The piping was embedded in the walls to shield them from public view. The soil type being laterite soil has good absorbing potentials for water. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF WATER DISTRIBUTION AND DRAINAGE PIPE <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WORK</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The layout of the water distribution network followed a consideration of design recommendations and standards of practice some of which are mentioned here.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Storage Tank Capacity</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The building was considered a mixed use building from the statistics given in the section, Description of Project. The population size used in this design was from the brief given by the client; each classroom was to seat 80 students,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>each library to seat 50 people, staff list on each floor was given as 40.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Table A. was used as a guide to estimate the storage requirement of cold water for the building type being considered in this project. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">From Table A, The per head storage requirement is for a school is 27 litres while for an office without canteen is 37 litres. Considering the above, the later was used in designing storage capacity for the project. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Going by number of staff, Storage capacity = 80 x 37 = 2,960 litres.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Going by number of students, Storage capacity = 80pple<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4 classrooms<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 floors x 27 = 17,280 liters.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A storage tank capacity of 70,000 liters (14,000 gal) was used for the project to cover 4 day uninterrupted flow.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PIPE SIZING</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The design procedure used for pipe sizing was as follows</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The pipe work layout was drawn on the building plan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The appropriate demand units, DU, for each sanitary fixture was indicated on the layout.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The sum of all the demand units were calculated along the pipe work to the source which in this case is the overhead storage tank.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The demand units were converted into flow rates and recorded accordingly using a pipe sizing chart.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The head of water H, in meters, was determined for each floor.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Equivalent length, EL, of the pipe run to each floor was determined. This was approximated as the measured length plus 30 % to account for the frictional resistance of bends, tees and other fittings in the pipe work.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Determine available pressure loss rate, H/EL.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Determine the index circuit. This is the pipe circuit with the lowest H to EL ratio. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">With the DU known, this was converted to flow rate using the pipe sizing chart.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Armed with H/EL (converted to kPa), the chart was used to select pipe sizes. </span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Follow the link below to download the isometric of the piping layout for the building.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isometric Drawing 1 (complete) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://uploading.com/files/568cd71f/Design%2Bof%2BWater%2Bsupply-Schemactic%2B1.jpg">http://uploading.com/files/568cd71f/Design%2Bof%2BWater%2Bsupply-Schemactic%2B1.jpg</a> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipe Sections A and B</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://uploading.com/files/9d4a8d6m/Design%2Bof%2BWater%2Bsupply-Schemactic%2B2.jpg">http://uploading.com/files/9d4a8d6m/Design%2Bof%2BWater%2Bsupply-Schemactic%2B2.jpg</a> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipe sections C and D</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://uploading.com/files/5bfdc52f/Design%2Bof%2BWater%2Bsupply-Schemactic%2B3.jpg">http://uploading.com/files/5bfdc52f/Design%2Bof%2BWater%2Bsupply-Schemactic%2B3.jpg</a> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The pipe sizing data is represented in the drawing by the notation </span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: auto auto auto 63.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DU</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 0.5in;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Q</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H/EL</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 0.5in;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><sup></sup><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Where DU<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Demand <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>units </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Q<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rate of flow in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>l/s </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H/EL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ratio of available head to equivalent length of the pipe run to each floor in meters</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selected pipe diameter, in millimeters</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Taps and ball valves are served with 18mm diameter pipes as recommended for sanitary fittings. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Calculations for pipe sections A and B are <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shown here as a sample calculations to show how the above parameters (Q, H/EL, DU and D) used in the drawing were gotten. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CALCULATIONS FOR PIPE SECTION <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The measured length of pipe from the storage tank to the furthest fitting on the 1<sup>st</sup> floor, the basin is,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">L<sub>1</sub> = 4+0.6+2.4+0.6+1.350+35.89+5.05+35.16+9.63+0.9+1.950+3 + 1.75 = 102.28 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And the equivalent length of the circuit to the basin is,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EL<sub>1</sub> = 1.3 x 102.28 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 132.96 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The head loss rate is,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>1</sub></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4 m</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.03 m head/m run.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EL<sub>1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>132.96</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Similarly, for the ground floor circuit to the basin the measured length is:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">L<sub>2</sub> = 4 +0.6+2.4+0.6+1.350+35.89+5.05+35.16+9.63+0.9+1.950 + 1.75= 99.28 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And the equivalent length EL<sub>2</sub> ,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 1.3 x 99.28 m <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 129.06 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The head loss rate is,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>2</sub></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7 m</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.054 m head/m run.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EL<sub>2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>126.79</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The pipe run to the 1<sup>st</sup> floor has the lowest H/EL ratio; this is the index circuit. H<sub>1</sub>/EL<sub>1</sub> is the available pressure loss rate, which drives water through the upper part of the system. Branches to other fittings on the same floor level can be sized from the same figure.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CALCULATIONS FOR PIPE SECTION <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The measured length of pipe from the storage tank to the furthest fitting on the 1<sup>st</sup> floor, the basin is,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">L<sub>3</sub> = 4+0.6+2.4+0.6+1.350+35.89+5.05+35.16+0.9+1.950+3 + 3.37+.75 = 96.77 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And the equivalent length of the circuit to the basin is,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EL<sub>3</sub> = 1.3 x 96.77 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 125.8 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The head loss rate is,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>3</sub></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4 m</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.032 m head/m run.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EL<sub>3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>125.8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Similarly, for the ground floor circuit to the basin the measured length is:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">L<sub>4</sub> = 4 +0.6+2.4+0.6+1.350+35.89+5.05+35.16+0.9+1.950 +3.37+.75 = <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>90.07 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And the equivalent length EL<sub>4</sub> ,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 1.3 x 97.53 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 117.09 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The head loss rate is,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>4</sub></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7 m</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.06 m head/m run.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EL<sub>4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>117.09</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Table A. “Provision of Cold Water to Cover 24-hour Interruption of Supply”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Building Services and Equipment. Volume 1, P.4, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>F. Hall M.I.O.B, M.I.P.H.E., Published by Longman Group Limited London</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Table B. “Minimum Number of Plumbing fixtures” </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Environmental Engineering And Sanitation. 3<sup>rd</sup> edition. 1982. P.1000, Joseph A. Salvato, P.E., Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, New York. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHADDERTON, DAVID, V.; BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING, 5<sup>TH</sup> ED., <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Published by Taylor & Francis, London, 2000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BARRY, R.; THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS VOL. 5 BUILDING SERVICES. Published by Blackwell Science, UK, 1998</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MERRITT, FREDERICK S.; BUILDING AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DESIGN. Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, NY,1979</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"></div></span> </span></div>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-38527709439528900102011-02-09T07:41:00.000-08:002011-02-14T06:18:16.630-08:00WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS DESIGN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><u>INTRODUCTION</u></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6gWYC9FVj1u18wlFehjz286qQWp54kVhcKQZromiBusEGI8era-3nTtcaI6CAHtTyZwedlaIuC5gOgf8twjEKvBH_dKVoLqH8BkQY7O60t900E2CaEfTXkfxru2sTE6GTn6oELy_CJtNR/s1600/WATER+SUPPLY+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6gWYC9FVj1u18wlFehjz286qQWp54kVhcKQZromiBusEGI8era-3nTtcaI6CAHtTyZwedlaIuC5gOgf8twjEKvBH_dKVoLqH8BkQY7O60t900E2CaEfTXkfxru2sTE6GTn6oELy_CJtNR/s1600/WATER+SUPPLY+1.jpg" /></a>The main source of water is the hydrologic cycle, a continuous recycling of naturally occurring water through the processes of evaporation, precipitation, transportation, infiltration, percolation and runoff. As population increases, the total water requirement of any community or settlement increases also. According to the United Nations Population Reference Bureau, the overall rate of increase in population may be taken as about 0.35 percent per year. In our traditional communities, shallow wells (ground water storage) were a regular source of water. The growing demand for urbanization has increased the water demand per capita and also the need for more complex and extensive ground water production, storage, distribution and operation requirements.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The importance of water to a community cannot be overemphasized and it therefore must be produced in an efficient, reliable and economic manner. Bearing in mind that plumbing fixtures in today’s buildings do not function properly on pressures below 20 psi (14m), a reliable water supply system must not only provide sufficient quantities of water, it should be provided at acceptable operational pressures. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u>SYSTEM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The water requirement of any community largely results from</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>The population</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Existing climatic condition</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>The mode of living and habitation</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Type of plumbing facilities in use</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Type of sewerage system available</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Rate of industrialization</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Taxation rate (water tax)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Considering the above, a typical water consumption table for different uses for residential designs is given in Table 1 below. In some instances where large areas are covered in the design, the figures shown in Table 2. Can be applied. It is however note worthy that these figures will vary for different locations. It is therefore necessary to consider the location you are designing for. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">A water distribution system is a link between the water supply source and the water consuming end use. The primary design factors for any system are based on the calculated total water requirement and the peak flow rate that must be delivered. In designing this distribution system, consideration should be given to the frictional losses that occure in transmission channels (conduits), which is closely related to the flow in the conduit, size of conduit, number, type and size of fittings. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">A network of pipes is used to distribute water to a community and this is achieved through patterns such as the branching pattern, grid pattern or a combination of the two. Whatever system we choose, the pressure and flow requirements must be met. For residential areas having houses three to four stories high, the pressure in the pipes should range between 18.6 m to 28m of water whereas for business areas, the requirement is about 50 m of water. In any case, the water velocity in the pipes should not exceed 0.6 to 1.2m/sec.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Relevant codes and standards should be checked to ensure conformity to minimum size requirements and minimum pressure requirements for service stubs, distribution mains and arterial or feeder mains.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u>Flow Considerations in design:</u> A typical design criteria used in some water systems design follows thus:<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">1. Design Flows - The water main system must be able to meet the following flow requirements:<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">A. Peak day demands plus fire flow demands.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">B. Instantaneous peak demands for water mains from source treatment and/or storage facilities. Peak day demands plus fire flow demands must also be met.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">2. Peak Day Demands<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">A. General<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">The peak day demand is the average rate of consumption on the maximum day. The maximum day is the 24-hour period during which the highest consumption total is recorded in the latest 3-year period. High consumption that will not occur again due to changes in the system, or that was caused by unusual operations, will not be considered. When no actual figure for maximum daily consumption is available it will<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">be estimated on the basis of consumption in other similar service areas.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Such estimates will be at least 2.0 times greater than the average daily demand for more than 500 people and 2.5 times greater for 500 people or less. When a system is in two or more service levels, consider the total maximum daily consumption that must pass through the service level being reviewed.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">B. Average Day Demand (Minimum)<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Average Daily Demand = Area x Area Density x Rate = <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> =Number of Units x Unit Density x Rate<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">3. Instantaneous Peak Demands<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Based on the assumption that the instantaneous peak flows for water supply should be greater than the extreme peak wastewater flow the following has been set as the Instantaneous Peaking Factor:<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">A. 220 people or less = Average day demand (gpm) x 9.0.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">B. more than 220 people = Average day demand (gpm) x 7/P0.167<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">P = design year population in thousands.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">If major water users exist in the system, the peak may be greater than those<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">listed above.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">4. Fire Flows<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Fire flows shall be in accordance with Uniform Fire Code or International Fire Code.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> Hydrant Distribution: This shall be in accordance with Uniform Fire Code or <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">International Fire Code.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">To be continued<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">The subsequent part of this paper discusses the water distribution design for a 51.22 hectare community development partitioned into 308 residential and commercial plots, public and green spaces. The final design drawings are also available. The discussion will also cover hydraulic modeling and analysis of the distribution network. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnhgEx4Uohf8ZpU7tPiHAk5lEccx_FyuzJm0MZzXOCTLT8p9tnBkLVeXVarW6-if1FhKf35fS7VU4F46dfI7gxsbDEd4Q8EBUTmzPjB_Lc3GmeSYNp-gRzrLPvn0diLx1kuc-IkjQF6d6x/s1600/WATER+SUPPLY+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnhgEx4Uohf8ZpU7tPiHAk5lEccx_FyuzJm0MZzXOCTLT8p9tnBkLVeXVarW6-if1FhKf35fS7VU4F46dfI7gxsbDEd4Q8EBUTmzPjB_Lc3GmeSYNp-gRzrLPvn0diLx1kuc-IkjQF6d6x/s1600/WATER+SUPPLY+2.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Feel free to contact me, post your comment or leave a message. Thank you for visiting and you can also follow me on the group “Building Professionals @Facebook”<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div><b>Thank you for reading through. If you like my article, please click the button below.</b></div><script src="http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like href="www.servicesconsultant.blogspot.com" show_faces="true" width="450" font="arial"></fb:like>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-5983205377218705222011-01-27T06:24:00.000-08:002011-02-14T06:19:27.428-08:00DESIGNING FOR EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY IN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (Part 1)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u>WHAT IS AIR-CONDITIONING</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The process of maintaining specific conditions of temperature, humidity (i.e. the moisture content in air), and dust level and odour control inside an enclosed space is termed air-conditioning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The intended use of the space determines the specific levels of these properties to be maintained. Therefore air-conditioning requirements will vary from place to place: industrial production rooms, circulation places, equipment or material storage, public auditoriums, hospitals, churches, etc. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In addition to controlling the temperature and relative humidity of these spaces, it is of vital essence in comfort conditioning, to clean (filter) the air free of dust, germs, odour and maintain proper circulation keeping in mind, the avoidance of drought. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Human beings give off about 400 BTU (British thermal unit) of heat per person per hour due to metabolism. The human system has a temperature regulating mechanism which keeps the body temperature at about 98.6 deg F.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>but the skin temperature varies according to the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>surrounding temperature and relative humidity. Due to this difference in temperature, there if a continuous exchange and transfer of heat between the body and the surrounding. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also the movement of air around the skin causes evaporation to take place. Therefore to maintain specific conditions in enclosed spaces as outlined above, close attention should be given to comfort design procedures.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u>DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The design of air-conditioning systems begins with pre-design activities to establish the need for, feasibility of, and the proposed scope of a facility. Also one needs to consider the fact that our designs are very likely, over their lifetimes, to experience major changes in the way they are used and in their sources of energy supply. Therefore the designer is further faced with challenges such as designing for recycling, energy transition and designing for the information age <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(smart houses, intelligent buildings, smart appliances etc.)</i> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To be successful, design teams should focus on achieving a solution that meets the expectations of a well- thought-out end explicitly defined design intent which might include the following:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Provision of well defined comfort conditions </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Consideration and use of latest information technology</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Focus on green technology (environmental quality, carbon neutrality, etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Provision of a high degree of flexibility</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It should be borne in mind that these design intents become progressively elaborated in the course of the design process.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Having considered the design intent, attention should then be given to the establishment of design criteria, which are the benchmarks against which success or failure in meeting design intent is measured. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also the technical and philosophical issues underlying the design intent are taken into account. At this stage, clarification of keywords used in the design intent such as “green”, “flexibility” are made and translated into tangible requirements and deliverables. The process of developing design criteria may result in positions such as:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Thermal conditions will meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 55-2004</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The power density of the lighting system will be no greater than 0.7 Watt per square meter, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>etc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Adopting the right design methods and tools is the next step and this is the means through which the design intent is accomplished. This will involve the use of calculators, charts such as psychometric chart, tables and so on to find:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The total heat loss of the building (ie. Loss through walls, roofs, door, window glass etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Extra cooling load caused by exhausting air (through infiltration or ventilation)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Total cooling load from internal heat sources (electrical equipment, mechanical equipment, lighting etc)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Total room sensible and latent loads</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Grand total refrigeration tonnage</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Equipment selection</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u>TYPICAL DESIGN PROCESS FOR AIR-CONDITIONING</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The design process involves a minimum of two stages</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The preliminary design stage to:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">List activity comfort needs</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Development of activity schedule</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Analysis of site energy resources</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">List climate design strategies</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Consider alternative building forms</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Consideration of passive and active systems</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Design guidelines</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This stage is usually done by the architect. For innovative and larger multi-zone buildings, the team is expanded to include the landscape architect and the engineers. The team focuses on assessing the strengths of various design alternatives. It is worth mentioning here that the architect and engineers may have different perspectives but when mutual goals are clearly agreed on early in the design process, it results in striking innovations whose benefits extend far beyond services to the clients of a particular building.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The design development stage. At this point, the solution that offers the most promising combination of aesthetic, social and technical benefits has been chosen. The choice is then represented in drawings which are handed to the mechanical engineer to:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Establish design conditions</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Determine the HVAC zones</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Estimate the thermal loads of each zone</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Select the most suitable HVAC system</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Identify and locate the HVAC components</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Size the components</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lay out the system.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is clear therefore, that the first step to an efficient and economic design of an air-conditioning system should be to organize the design process the answer question “How should the building envelope respond to needs for cooling, day lighting, artificial lighting, ventilation, efficient use of energy and total cost constraints?” To answer these questions, codes and standards that typically prescribe relationships between floor area and fenestration area (residential buildings) or total wall area and fenestration area (non-residential buildings) are applied. Also the building form (tall, short, thick, thin) is considered. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In carefully designed buildings a proper combination of size, type, material and composition for the roofs, walls, windows and interior surfaces can maintain comfortable interior temperatures thereby reducing the complexity and cost of the air-conditioning system. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u>To be continued. Please join the discussion forum to post any questions or contributions. Full text of this article is available <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on request (members only).</u></span></span></div></div><b>Thank you for reading through. If you like this article, please click the button below and feel free to leave a comment.</b><br />
<script src="http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like href="www.servicesconsultant.blogspot.com" show_faces="true" width="450" font="arial"></fb:like>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-69571211991366556812011-01-12T01:58:00.000-08:002011-02-14T06:21:58.443-08:00DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR PRESSURE BOSSTING SETS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">There is an increase in the need to boost water pressures in recent times. This increase has resulted from increasing numbers of taller buildings, more condensed living accommodation (increasing popularity of apartments), unequal pressure on site and an increasing demand for high water pressure by plumbing fixtures and during industrial processing. However, another major contributory factor is due to water authorities reducing mains pressure to reduce leakage from their distribution systems or as a result of losses in distribution networks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Pressure boosting is therefore used in many different applications. The aim is always is to ensure that sufficient water reaches where it is needed. In high-rise buildings, for example, water pressure needs to be same on the top floor as it is on the ground.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">An important aspect to remember is that current water authority legislation will not allow booster sets to be installed directly on the incoming mains supply, in order to prevent back siphonage from any terminal outlet. In most cases it will be necessary to install a break (storage) tank.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">There are certain key aspects that must be taken into the equation when sizing a booster set. The first is to size the break tank, and this can be established through a simple calculation using the table below.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in -9pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(Table 1).</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Provision of Cold Water to cover 24-hour interruption of supply C.P 310 Water Supply.<sup></sup></span></i></div><br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 481px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 257.4pt;" valign="top" width="343"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Type of Building </span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Storage </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Litres</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 129.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 129.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 257.4pt;" valign="top" width="343"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Dwelling houses & flats per residents</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Hostels per residents</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Hotels per residents</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Offices without canteens per head</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Offices with canteens per head</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Restaurants per head/per meal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Day schools per head</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Boarding schools per head</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Nurses’ homes & medical quarter per residents</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 129.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">91</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">91</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">136</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">37</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">45</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">27</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">91</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">114</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">The next step is to correctly size the booster pump or pumps by establishing:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">• Required flow rate at peak demand;<br />
• Required outlet pressure at appliance;<br />
• Static height;<br />
• Pipework friction losses;<br />
• Suction conditions;<br />
• Voltage.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">A common error when sizing a booster set is to over-estimate the system demand by assuming that all appliances will run simultaneously, which is very rarely the case.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Therefore we should calculate peak demand as a percentage of the maximum, using either actual usage figures, loading units or flow rates required at the appliances as shown below.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Table </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">2</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Recommen</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">ded minimum rate of flow rate of appliances</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">. </span></div><br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 203.4pt;" valign="top" width="271"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Type of Appliances</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Rate of Flow (Liter</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">s/s)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 203.4pt;" valign="top" width="271"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">W.C flushing cistern</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Wash basin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Wash basin with spray taps</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Bath (private)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Bath (public)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Shower (with nozzle)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Sink with 13mm taps</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Sink with 19mm taps </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Sink with 25mm taps</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">0.12</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">0.15</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">0.04</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">0.30</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">0.60</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">0.12</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">0.20</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">0.30</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">0.60</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">There are at least five different ways of calculating the required flow rate for water-booster systems. However, using loading units as the calculation vehicle, maybe an easier method (Table 3).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 1.5pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="Picture_x0020_18" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 169.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 330pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="Loading units" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MECHEN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"></imagedata></shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 1.5pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Table 3: Sizing a break tank using loading units immediately allows for the fact that not all outlets will operate at the same time.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Another benefit of loading units is that it allows for the diversification factor that not all outlets will operate at the same time. There are some exceptions, such as irrigation systems, but the above will hold true in most instances.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Having determined the total demand flow rate, we now need to consider the pressure needed to achieve duty. Factors to be considered include:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">• Static height of the building;<br />
• Friction losses through pipework system (calculated at peak demand);<br />
• End pressure required.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Once the required pressure has been determined, it is recommended that you refer to pump selection catalog for selecting both the most suitable number of pumps and the control method.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">A pressure boosting system may consist of one or more vertical multistage pumps. Pumps have a common manifold on both suction side and discharge side, non-return valves, shut-off valves, manometer and pressure switch for each pump. A system is delivered on a common base frame (hence the ‘packaged’ title). In most applications, a membrane tank will also be included.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 1.5pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">A Note On Variable speed Pumps</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">There is increasing awareness that the most cost-effective solutions will be achieved through selecting variable-speed pumps. These pumps have the following advantages</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">• Large energy savings, as the pump only uses the power required to meet the duty and changes in the system.<br />
• Matching the duty of the pump to the system needs imposes less wear and tear on individual parts in the system — extending their life<br />
• Many system problems such as water hammer and noisy valves can be resolved using inverter pumps.<br />
• The need for valves in systems such as final commissioning, bypass valves and starters in control panels can be reduced.<br />
• A more controlled system provides greater user comfort.<br />
• The wider duty range covered by inverter pumps makes selection simpler.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 1.5pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;">Advanced control facilities:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">A number of increasingly sophisticated control features are available that can control up to six pumps connected in parallel to ensure constant pressure in the system. This can be supplemented by pipe-loss compensation, which improves comfort levels and contributes to energy savings.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Other features available include timer programme, alternative set point, pump priority and bus communication.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 1.5pt 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">REFERENCES</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> AND FURTHER READING</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">1. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Building Services and Equipment. Volume 1, P.4, F. Hall M.I.O.B, M.I.P.H.E., Published by Longman Group Limited London</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">2. Environmental Engineering And Sanitation. 3<sup>rd</sup> edition. 1982. P.1000, Joseph A. Salvato, P.E., Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, New York. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">3</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">. CHADDERTON, DAVID, V.; BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING, 5<sup>TH</sup> ED., Published by Taylor & Francis, London, 2000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">4</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">. BARRY, R.; THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS VOL. 5 BUILDING SERVICES. Published by Blackwell Science, UK, 1998</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">5</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">. MERRITT, FREDERICK S.; BUILDING AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DESIGN. Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, NY,1979</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><b>Thank you for reading through. If you like my article, please click the button below and feel free to add a comment.</b></span></div><script src="http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like href="www.servicesconsultant.blogspot.com" show_faces="true" width="450" font="arial"></fb:like><br />
</div>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-89342244446462059922010-12-21T01:15:00.000-08:002011-02-14T06:23:23.909-08:00SWIMMING POOL DESIGN : Water Reticulation System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Swimming Pool means any artificial basin of water modified, improved, constructed, or installed solely for the purpose of public swimming, wading, diving, recreation, or instruction. Swimming pool includes, but is not limited to, a pool serving a community, a subdivision, an apartment complex, a condominium, a club, a camp, a school, an institution, a park, a manufactured home park, a hotel, a motel, a recreational area, or a water park. Swimming pool includes a spa, hot tub, or whirlpool or similar device which (1) is designed for recreational use and not to be drained, cleaned, and refilled after each individual use and (2) may consist of elements, including, but not limited to, hydro jet circulation, hot water, cold water, mineral baths, air induction systems, or any combination thereof. Swimming pool also includes an artificial lake, a pool at a private residence, or a pool operated exclusively for medical treatment, physical therapy, water rescue training, or training of divers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">In this post, we shall take a look at the mechanical services design of a typical swimming pool. Design for the mechanical services for a s</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">wimming pool is usually done in the following stages.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Physical pool parameters and design considerations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Piping Layout</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pool Hydraulic Calculations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pool Equipment Selection</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Production of Final Design drawings</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The following gives a sample design of water reticulation system for a swimming pool, using the steps outlined above.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Please note that this site is still undergoing construction, and some materials (resources) may not be uploaded at this time. Please feel free to contact me should the need arise for any clarification or further resource requirements.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PHYSICAL POOL PARAMETERS AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Consider a swimming pool with the following physical parameters. This will vary depending on the architectural design. These parameters are read/taken from the design.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total Perimeter = 122.18 m (Adult = 96.25m Children = 25.93 m )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Width = 15.425m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Min. Depth = 9m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Max. Depth = 1.5m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total Pool Area = 541.4 Sq. m. (Adult = 494 sq m Children = 47.4 sq m )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume = 766.84 cu.m (Adult = 738.4 cu m Children = 28.44 cu m.)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 168,681 gallons </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">Recommended Pool Turnover Periods</span></u></strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Leisure Waters 1m to 1.5m deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 - 1.5 hours</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Leisure Pools over 1.5m deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 - 2.5 hours</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Conventional Pools up to 25m long with a 1m shallow end . . . 2.5 - 3 hours</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Competition Pools 50m long and 2m deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 4.5 hours</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Diving Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 6 hours</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Residential or Private pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 6 hours</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">Skimmers</span></u></strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The recommended ideal flow rate through a conventional skimmer is usually about 5 cubic metres per hour - about 1,100 imperial gallons per hour. The absolute maximum acceptable flow rate is around 7.5 cubic metres per hour - about 1650 imperial gallons per hour - based on standard swimming pool skimmers .</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">Water Velocity in Pipework</span></u></strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The velocity of water within a pipe is subjected to physical resistance due to friction and turbulence. </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The maximum velocity in any suction pipe must not exceed 5 feet per second (1.52 metres per second).</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The maximum velocity in any pressure pipe must not exceed 9 feet per second (2.74 metres per second).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PIPING LAYOUT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Show the proposed layout for the swimming pool. Take into consideration proper plumbing requirements. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> POOL HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS. </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">From the parameters given above, do the following calculations. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Design Flow Rate = <u>Pool Volume (Gal.)</u> = <u>168681</u> = 468.56 gpm </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Turnover time (Min. ) 360)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 0.03687 m<sup>3</sup> /s</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I. <u>Number of Skimmers Required: </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area of Pool </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adult Pool = 494 sq m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Children’s Pool = 47.4 sq m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TOTAL = 541.4 sq m = 5834 sq ft.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">From STA-RITE U-3 skimmer recommendation, number of skimmers required for this area of pool is 12</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II. <u>Skimmer Flow Rate: </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In some pool piping layouts, provision is made for floor return pipes. These are installed on the pool floors as part of the pool water reticulation. In such cases, </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total flow through skimmers = 0.75 x Design flow rate </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 0.75 x 468.56 gpm </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 351.42 gpm </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Therefore flow per skimmer = <u>Total Skimmer Flow</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> No. of Skimmers</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = <u>351.42</u> gpm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 12</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 29.3 gpm <sup>( </sup>Must be at least 25 gpm )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III. <u>Number of Inlets Required: </u>(Maximum recommended spacing = 4.5 m) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No. of inlets used based on 1 inlet per 6 m of perimeter as recommended </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Therefore number of inlets required is 19.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 185.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 185.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV. <u>Pipe Size Selection </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A. <u>Skimmer Line Size: </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Skimmer flow rate = 29.3 gpm = 2.22 x 10^-3 cu m/s</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maximum velocity in suction pipe = 5 fps = 1.52 m/s</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Using the mass flow equation, Q = AV</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Where Q = flow rate, </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A = effective area of pipe,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> V = Velocity of flow</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Then A = Q/V</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Therefore for Pipe A, (no. of skimmers served = 3)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area = 3 x 2.22 x 10^-3 /(1.52) = 4.38 x 10^-3 sq m.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This gives pipe diameter D = 0.0746 m = 74.6 mm </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipe size used = 76 mm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Similarly,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diameter of pipe B = 76 mm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diameter of Pipe C = 76 mm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diameter of Pipe D = 67 mm </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B. <u>Return Line Size: </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Design flow rate = 0.03687 m<sup>3</sup>/s = 132.7 m<sup>3</sup>/h</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No. of inlets = 19</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Using the mass flow equation, Q = AV </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For Pipe S<sub>a</sub> , </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area = [((6/19) x 0.03687)] /(2.74) = 0.00425 sq m.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This gives pipe diameter D = 0.0652 m = 65mm </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipe size used = 76 mm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Same was done for pipe S<sub>b</sub> = 76 mm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For Pipe S<sub>c </sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area = [((7/19) x 0.03687)] /(2.74) = 0.0050 sq m.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This gives pipe diameter D = 0.0707 m = 70.7 mm </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipe size used = 76 mm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C. <u>Main Drain Size: </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Select pipe size which gives max. 1.83 m /s velocity at design flow </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rate. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Design flow rate = 0.03687 cu m/s </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Velocity in drain pipe = 1.83 m/s </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Using the mass flow equation, Q = AV </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For Pipe Ma </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area = [((0.03687)/2] /(1.83) = 0.0101 sq m.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This gives pipe diameter D = 0.11313 m = 113.13 mm </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipe size used = 110 mm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Same for Pipe Mb</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HEAD LOSS CALCULATIONS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pressure Loss Calculation</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pressure Loss or Head Loss in a pipe can be calculated if the fluid data and the flow rate are known and specific attributes of the pipe are known (such as inner diameter of the pipe, length of the pipe, and roughness of the pipe material). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Head Loss in Pipe Work</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The resistance to fluid flow is usually expressed in fluid head. This is the height of a column of fluid which would exert enough pressure on the fluid at the bottom of the column to make the fluid flow within the system.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluid head resistance was calculated using the Darcy – Weisbach formula. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">h = f (L/D) x (v ²/2g)<br />
f = friction factor (See Moody Friction Factor.)<br />
L = length of pipe work D = inner diameter of pipe work<br />
v = velocity of fluid<br />
g = acceleration due to gravity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Head Loss Through Fittings</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The fluid head resistance through various pipe work fittings can be calculated if the ‘K’ factor of the fitting is known. Many manufacturers of pipe work fittings and valves publish ‘K’ factors for their products. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluid head loss of these fitting were calculated using:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> h = ‘K’ x v ² / 2g<br />
‘K’ = manufacturer’s published ‘K’ factor for the fitting<br />
v = velocity of fluid<br />
g = acceleration due to gravity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The above formulae was applied to sum the total loss from fittings associated with each pipe work.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Head loss for Return pipe Work = 13.51 m</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Skimmer Line Loss = 7.44 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Floor Drain Line Loss = 5.74</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">These head loss values were used in the pool equipment selection.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">POOL EQUIPMENT SELECTION</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filtration Pump Selection: </span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3150161479560271004&postID=8934224444646205992" name="pump1"></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">There are two main characteristics considered in determining the correct pump:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The right type of pump for the application and liquid which in this case is a centrifugal pump</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The pump performance or characteristic requirements. </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A pump's performance is shown in its characteristics performance curve where its capacity (GPM) is plotted against its total developed head (FT), efficiency (%), required input power (BHP), and NPSHr (FT) The pump curve also shows its speed (in RPM) and other information such as pump size and type, impeller size, etc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Head refers to the differential head developed by a pump and expressed in feet of liquid:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H = [Pd-Ps] x 2.31 / SG</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">where:<br />
H = pump head, FT of liquid<br />
Pd = pump discharge pressure, PSIG<br />
Ps = pump suction pressure, PSIG<br />
SG = liquid specific gravity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Following the above, the filtration pumps can be selected from the manufacturer’s chart on consideration of the following pump requirements resulting from the friction loss calculations.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Delivery (Return pipe friction) = 13.51 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Static delivery head = 1 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suction (Skimmer) Pipe friction = 7.44 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Static suction head = 1.5 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total delivery head = 13.51 + 1 m = 14.51 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total suction head = 7.44 - 1.5 m = 5.94 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total Dynamic Head Required, H = 14.51 + 5.94 = 20.45 m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Flow Required, Q = 132.73 m<sup>3</sup>/h </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filter Selection</span></u></b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">Filtration Rate</span></u></strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The Filtration Rate is the speed or velocity of the water through the filtration media. The slower the Filtration Rate - the more effective the filtration.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Big or heavily used commercial pools will normally use LOW filtration Rates.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Schools, hotels, other commercial pools, and heavily used private pools will usually have a MEDIUM filtration rate.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">HIGH rate filtration is usually only suitable for private home pools,</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The Filtration Rate is measured in cubic metres of water per square meter of filter surface area per hour - (m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>/hr)</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">OR gallons per square foot of filter surface area per hour- (gal/ft<sup>2</sup>/hr)</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">Filtration Rates for Sand Filters (Metric rates)</span></u></strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">LOW RATE FILTRATION - <u>Less than</u> <strong><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">10</span></strong> m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>/hr</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">MEDIUM RATE FILTRATION -<strong><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">11</span></strong> m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>/hr to <strong><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">30</span></strong> m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/hr</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">HIGH RATE FILTRATION - <strong><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">31</span></strong> m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>/hr to <strong><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">50</span></strong> m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>/hr</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria, serif;">(NOTE : - Many Sand Filters have a maximum Filtration Rate of 45 m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>/hr)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The filter was selected from the manufacturer’s chart on consideration of the above filtration requirements:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filter area required = <u>Design Flow rate</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Filtration Rate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= <u>( 0.03687 x 3600 ) </u> = 13.27 m<sup>2</sup> (142.84 ft<sup>2</sup>)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 10</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VENTILATION OF THE PLANT (PUMP) ROOM</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adequate air changes are vital for the control of high humidity and excess condensation. The design was made to clear condensation by the introduction of fresh air. This was also used as a means of reducing temperature conditions in the plant room as controlling the room conditions helps the working of the plants.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">An exhaust ventilation guide will be used in selecting exhaust fans for the plant room.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CFM required C (ft<sup>3</sup>/min) = <u> ROOM VOLUME (ft<sup>3</sup>) </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> MINUTES PER AIR CHANGE (min.)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = <u>15840</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 5280 (ft<sup>3</sup>/min) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div></div>Thank you for reading through. If you like this article, please click the button below and feel free to add a comment.<br />
<script src="http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like href="www.servicesconsultant.blogspot.com" show_faces="true" width="450" font="arial"></fb:like>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-19827841612770967902010-12-16T23:33:00.000-08:002011-02-14T05:35:47.393-08:00VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: HOW TO DO AN ELEVATOR TRAFFIC ANALYSIS<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>architects, developers and building owners race towards adorning the landscape with high-rise commercial and institutional buildings, one of the roles of the mechanical services engineer is to quantify the parameters and criteria which represent quality in the vertical transportation service. At the inception stage of any project the design team establishes design requirements. They establish unique requirements of the building or anticipated occupancy and their influence on the vertical transportation systems (which for this discussion are the elevators).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These requirements are translated into design criteria which combined with the projected population is utilized to conduct an elevator traffic analysis. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Before I proceed further, it is necessary to throw in some definitions of important terms used in elevator traffic analysis.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "VectoraLH-Bold", "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: VectoraLH-Bold;">DEFINITIONS</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT-Bold", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT-Bold;">Average lobby time or average lobby waiting time. </span></b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">The average time spent by a passenger between arriving in the lobby and leaving the lobby in a car. This is a key selection criterion.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT-Bold", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT-Bold;">Handling capacity (HC). </span></b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">The maximum number of passengers that can be handled in a time given period—usually 5 minutes, thus the term </span><i><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT-Italic", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT-Italic;">5-minute handling capacity</span></i><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">. When expressed as a percentage of the building’s population, it is called </span><i><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT-Italic", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT-Italic;">percent handling capacity </span></i><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">(PHC). This is a key selection criterion.</span><span style="font-family: "VectoraLH-Bold", "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: VectoraLH-Bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT-Bold", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT-Bold;">Interval (I) or lobby dispatch time. </span></b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">The average time between departures of cars from the lobby.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT-Bold", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT-Bold;">Registration time. </span></b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Waiting time at an upper floor after a call is registered.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT-Bold", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT-Bold;">Round-trip time (RT). </span></b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">The average time required for a car to make a round trip—starting from the lower terminal and returning to it. The time includes a statistically determined number of upper-floor stops in one direction and, </span><i><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT-Italic", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT-Italic;">when calculating elevator requirements based on up-peak traffic</span></i><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">, an express return trip.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT-Bold", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT-Bold;">Travel time or average trip time (AVTRP). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">The average time spent by passengers from the moment they arrive in the lobby to the moment they leave the car at an upper floor. This is a key selection criterion.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Carrying out an elevator traffic analysis will require the following design considerations:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Intended usages of the building, height, number of floors, etc.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Expected characteristics of “internal traffic” by occupants as follows</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Domestic floors (less demand on elevator service)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Office floors (higher demand on elevator service)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Commefrcial floors e.g. shops (high population density and traffic)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Restaurants (peak demand at launch and dinning)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Level and quality of elevator service required</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Types of elevator systems to be used : (traction or hydraulic)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Passenger elevators</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Service elevators</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Fireman’s elevator</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Dumbwaiter (e.g. for restaurant)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">From the above, an assessment of building population and number of persons using the service is estimated. Also the critical traffic period and occupancy loading of the elevator car are assumed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Depending on the class of service, the basic design criteria for lift performance are:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Five minutes handling capacity (HC)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Average interval time or waiting time (AWT)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">Maximum passenger transit time</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">This analysis can be performed by manual calculations or by computer programs. Also some elevator design sites now have online calculators to help in determining these parameters (e.g. <a href="http://www.kone.com/COUNTRIES/EN_MP/TOOLS/Pages/default.aspx">http://www.kone.com/COUNTRIES/EN_MP/TOOLS/Pages/default.aspx</a><a href="http://www.kone.com/try"></a> ). However they will not show their calculations, just the results. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "PhotinaMT", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: PhotinaMT;">A typical elevator traffic analysis I did is given below. The building used in this analysis is a four-floor mixed-use building. The ground and first floor are office spaces. The second floor holds 36 nos. single rooms en-suite while the third floor holds a four bedroom family unit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ANALYSIS TYPE:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UP-PEAK TRAVEL ANALYSIS</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">BUILDING AND POPULATION</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No. of floors:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Building Population:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>296</span></span></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 703px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 46.75pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Floor Name</span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.15pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Height</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(m)</span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Floor Level (m)</span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Description</span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Floor Area (sq.m)</span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 71.2pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Density</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sq.m/pers</span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 74.5pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Gross Population Estimate</span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 58.8pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vacancy Factor</span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Net Population</span></b></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 46.75pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pent House</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.15pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.15</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">12.95</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Single Family</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 71.2pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 74.5pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 58.8pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">7</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 46.75pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2<sup>nd</sup> Floor</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.15pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.15</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">9.8</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Multi Residence</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 71.2pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 74.5pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">108</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 58.8pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">97</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 46.75pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1<sup>st</sup> Floor</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.15pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.15</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6.65</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Office</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1036</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 71.2pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 74.5pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">104</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 58.8pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">94</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 46.75pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Grd. Floor</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.15pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.5</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.5</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Office</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">759</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 71.2pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 74.5pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">76</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 58.8pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">10%</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">68</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="8" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 468.3pt;" valign="top" width="624"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">D E S I G N<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P O P U L A T I O N</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">266</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*Floor area indicates net lettable area.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ELEVATORS</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Recommended Control: Schindler ID</span></span></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ELEVATOR</span></span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A</span></span></b></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">B</span></span></b></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rated Load (kg)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">400</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">400</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Weight per person (kg)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">80</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">80</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Passenger/Deck gross</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Max. Car Filling</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">80 %</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">80 %</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Passenger/Deck net</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Maximum speed (m/s)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.0</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.0</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Maximum acceleration (m/s<sup>2</sup>)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.5</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.5</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Drive Jerk (m/s<sup>3</sup>)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.5</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.5</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Door width (mm)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">900</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">900</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Opening time (s)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.9</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.9</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Closing time (s)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.6</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.6</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Transfer time per person (s)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.0</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.0</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Minimum transfer time (s)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.0</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.0</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Travel height (m)</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">12.95</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">12.95</span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">UP-PEAK TRAVEL ANALYSIS</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><u><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Building characteristics</span></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Type: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mixed-use (Office on two floors, multi-dwelling on 3<sup>rd</sup> floor and Single family dwelling on pent-house)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Tenancy:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Multiple</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Floors above terminal floor:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Floor Height:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.15m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Population above terminal floor PATF:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>188</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Recommended Handling Capacity Factor HCF:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>12 %</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Recommended Interval:<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>30</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Calculating Handling Capacity, HC:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HC = PATF x HCF / 100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 188 x 12 / 100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 22.56<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ie 23 persons/5 minutes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lift Travel Limit, LTL:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LTL = Floor Height x Floors above terminal floor</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 3.15 x 3 </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 9.45 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">From HC and LTL, recommended lift speed = 1.6 m/s </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">The Round Trip Time (</span><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">RTT</span></i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">) in seconds of a single elevator during up-peak traffic is given by:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">RTT </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">= </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Ht<sub>v</sub> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">+ </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">S </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">+ </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">t<sub>s</sub> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">+ </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">N<sub>p</sub>t<sub>p</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">where,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">H<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">is the average highest reversal floor</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">S<sub>av<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">is the average number of stops</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">N<sub>p<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">is the average number of passengers in the car (assuming an 80% occupancy)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>v</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">is the time to transit between two adjacent floors at rated speed (s)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">i.e. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>v</sub></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">= </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">df<sub>H</sub> </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTMI;">/ </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">v</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">where,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">df<sub>H</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">average interfloor height (m)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">v<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">rated speed (m/s)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>s</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">time lost at each stop (s)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">[ i.e. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>s</sub> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">= </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>f </sub></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">+</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>o</sub></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">+</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>c</sub></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">−</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>v</sub></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;"> = </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">T </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MTSYN; mso-fareast-font-family: MTSYN;">−</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>v </sub></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">]</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">where:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">tf<sub>H</sub> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>single floor flight time (s)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>o</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>door opening time (s)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>c</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>door closing time (s)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">T<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>performance time (s)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">t<sub>p</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>average one away passenger transfer time (s)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">RTT = (2 x 3.3 x (3.15/1.6)) + (2+1) x (5.0 + 1.9 + 2.5 – (3.15/1.6) + (2 x 4 x 1.0)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 13 + 22.3 + 8</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 43.3 s</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The up-peak interval (UPPINT), in seconds, for the 2 lift cars is given by</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">UPPINT = RTT/2</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 43.3 / 2</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 21.65 s</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The up-peak handling capacity (UPPHC) in persons/5 mins is given by</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">UPPHC = 300 N<sub>p</sub>L/RTT where L = No. of lift cars</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 300 x 4 x 2 / 43.3</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 55.43</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The percentage of the total building population (POP) above the terminal floor that can be served during up-peak is given by:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">% POP = (UPPHC / POP) x 100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= (55.43 / 188) x 100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 29.5 %</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Average waiting time (AWT) is usually taken as 60 – 70 % of UPPINT</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Therefore </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">AWT = 0.65 x 21.65 s</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 14 s</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">RESULTS</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Round Trip Time, RTT</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">43.3 s</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Up-peak Interval, UPPINT</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">21.65 s</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Up-peak Handling Capacity, UPPHC</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">55.43</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Percentage Population Handled % POP</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">29.5 %</span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Average waiting Time, AWT</span></span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">14 s</span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">From the Schindler standards and recommendations, 2 nos. 400 kg lifts for this facility has a minimum rating of 5.0</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Regulations and Standards:</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">British Standard BS 65655: Part 1 – 11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lifts and Services Lifts</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Code of Practice on the design and construction of Lifts and Escalators (EMSD)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Contact me if you need more information.</span></span></div><br />
Thank you for reading through. If you like this article, please click the button below and feel free to leave a comment.<br />
<script src="http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like href="www.servicesconsultant.blogspot.com" layout="button_count" show_faces="true" width="450" font="tahoma"></fb:like>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150161479560271004.post-85127742111413251552010-12-16T04:20:00.000-08:002011-02-14T05:38:19.049-08:00STORMWATER AND GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT: AN APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="color: #09396d; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Black;">1.0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INTRODUCTION</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">The Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), released in 2001, predicted a global average surface temperature rise of 1.4 to 5.8°C (2.5 to 10.4°F) over the period 1990 to 2100 compared to a previous assessment of 1.0 to 3.5°C (1.8 to 6.3°F) for the same period. The report also for the first time identified human activity as the primary cause for global warming.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">The report noted that “As the CO<sub>2 </sub>concentration of the atmosphere increases, ocean and land will take up a decreasing fraction of anthropogenic O<sub>2</sub> emissions. By 2100, carbon cycle models project atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations of 540 to 970 ppm (90 to 250% above the concentration of 280 ppm in the year 1750). As part of its conclusions, the report noted that changing land use could influence atmospheric CO<sub>2 </sub>concentration. “Hypothetically, if all of the carbon released by historical land-use changes could be restored to the terrestrial biosphere over the course of the century, CO<sub>2</sub> concentration would be reduced by 40 to 70 ppm.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">The above report no doubt poses a challenge to all stakeholders to evolve means of protecting the environment from further harmful human activities.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">The objective of this technical paper is two fold. First it seeks to draw the engineers’ attention as designers, builders and developers away from conventional stormwater and groundwater management systems and present us with the rapidly developing sustainable systems that impact positively on the environment. Second, this paper seeks to draw government’s attention to the need for a policy framework that compels land owners and developers to rise up to the requirements of sustainable stormwater and groundwater management systems, if we are not to pay lip service to environmental protection.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">It cannot be overemphasized that stormwater and groundwater management are fundamental considerations in the planning and design of urban development. Unfortunately, these are often treated as subsidiary issues that are not addressed until the final stages of the planning and design process. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By considering stormwater and groundwater management at the initial design phase it is possible to ensure viable and sustainable solutions that are compatible with other design objectives for the site and the global environmental interest.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="color: #09396d; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Black;">2.0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>STORMWATER MANAGEMENT</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Conventional drainage practices aim at collecting and conveying stormwater to the street drainage system with a minimum of nuisance, danger or damage. However, this causes rapid and concentrated stormwater discharges that contribute to increased flooding, erosion and sedimentation, and reduced stormwater quality. <u>These problems can be mitigated by alternative measures that delay stormwater discharges and reduce the total volume of stormwater discharged.</u> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The drainage engineer should have a number of questions that are addressed by the proposed drainage design. A non-exhaustive list of questions includes:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">What are the normal operating and maintenance requirements of the design?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">What are the risks of failure of the proposed design and the consequences in terms of impact?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">How effective will the system be in treating the stormwater?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">What are the social / aesthetic benefits of the proposed design?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">What are the environmental benefits / protection of the proposed design?</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A careful consideration of the above questions will ensure the design of a sustainable drainage system.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2.0.1 </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial,Bold";">Sustainability</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In terms of drainage, sustainability can be interpreted as:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Drainage systems should utilize natural resources.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Drainage systems should aim to replicate the natural characteristics of rainfall runoff for any site;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The environmental impact of man should be minimized.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The concept of sustainability results in a move away from traditional drainage methods, and the use of recommended SuDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems) to provide hydraulic, water quality and environmental benefits. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The design of the drainage system should try and replicate, in a general way, the same rainfall runoff characteristics for the pre-development condition of the site. At pre-development the runoff is much slower, less polluted and has virtually no runoff from ordinary rainfall events. The use of SuDS, particularly components which encourage infiltration, will enable this principle to be achieved.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The design of drainage systems needs to minimize water pollution and maximize environmental benefits. SuDS units are designed to address stormwater water quality as well as providing hydraulic conveyance. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial,Bold";">2.0.2 Level of Service</span></b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Flood protection should be provided to a minimum level of service;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">No negative aesthetic effects;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Social benefits;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Safety.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The principal objective of drainage is to provide protection from flooding due to rainfall on an area. The level of service provided is a function of society’s expectations as well as the cost-benefit of the system based on the damage consequences due to flooding. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial,Bold";">2.0.3 Cost-effectiveness</span></b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Principles of whole life costing (WLC) should be applied.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Drainage design should aim to provide the most cost-effective solution, particularly in terms of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">maintenance requirements. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2.0.4 Other design issues</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">There are a few other issues which influence the generic design criteria discussed above. These</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">are:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT;">• </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Size of development;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT;">• </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Environmental issues influencing storage design;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT;">• </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Density of development;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT;">• </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Location of development;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT;">• </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Extending urban catchments.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #09396d; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Black;">2.1 CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Conventional drainage practices generally involve rapid discharge of stormwater from the site to a public drainage system. The main objective is to collect and convey stormwater to the street drainage system. Roof runoff is discharged via small diameter pipes (usually 100 mm diameter), and surface stormwater is usually conveyed by overland flow. The public drainage system usually consists of a system of gutters, streets, pipes, culverts and channels.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Where the site slopes towards the street, roof runoff and overland flow are drained directly to the street drainage system (see Figure 1). Where the site slopes away from the street, these are</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">connected to the street drainage system or a receiving waterway via a drainage easement at the rear of the property (see Figure 2). The drainage easement generally incorporates a drainage pipe, and may also include a table drain on the ground surface for the collection of overland flow.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;"><shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 227.25pt; width: 210.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MECHEN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.emz"></imagedata></shape></span><span style="color: #353535; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadMM_400_400_;"><shape id="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 261.75pt; width: 205.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MECHEN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.emz"></imagedata></shape></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #09396d; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Black;">Problems with conventional practice</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">The majority of stormwater runoff in urban area is from impervious surfaces such as roofs, paved areas and roads. Except <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in the case of major storms, little or no runoff occurs from pervious surfaces such as lawns, gardens and landscaped areas</b>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Urbanization has dramatically increased the area of impervious surfaces. This in turn has resulted in increased peak discharges and greater volumes of runoff per storm.</u></i><u></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">The direct discharge of roof water and overland flow to the street drainage system under conventional drainage practices causes rapid and concentrated discharges of stormwater. This contributes to increased flooding, erosion and sedimentation, and reduced stormwater quality. <u>These problems can be reduced by measures that delay stormwater discharges and reduce the total volume of stormwater discharged.</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #09396d; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Black;">The alternative</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Alternative stormwater management measures, when used in conjunction with conventional</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><shape id="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 316.55pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 73.55pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 272pt; z-index: -1;" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-51 0 -51 21556 21600 21556 21600 0 -51 0"><imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MECHEN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.emz"></imagedata><wrap type="tight"></wrap></shape><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">practices, have many cost, aesthetic and environmental benefits. For example, roof runoff can be managed using rainwater tanks and filtration/ infiltration trenches. <u>Paved areas can be minimized or replaced with porous paving</u>. A variety of landscape measures and practices can also be applied. These measures reduce the volume of stormwater runoff and the rate at which it is discharged. Figure 3 shows how these measures can be combined on a typical residential lot. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #09396d; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Black;">2.2 SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A good drainage strategy provides a balance between social, economic and environmental requirements. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDs) are methods that take account of quantity, quality and amenity issues. It is an alternative to more traditional (conventional) drainage systems in terms of planning, design and management. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>The application of SUDs aims to reduce pollution and flood risk, whilst also improving the urban environment for those who live and work in it.</u> </i>SUDs are more sustainable than conventional drainage systems because they:-</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Manage the runoff from new urbanized areas and their impact on the existing network, thereby reducing the risk, frequency and size of floods</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Protect or improve river and ground water quality</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Contribute to the environmental setting and the needs of the local community</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Provide a habitat for wild life in urban watercourses</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Encourage natural groundwater recharge (where appropriate)</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">They do this by:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dealing with storm runoff close to the area of the rainfall</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Managing potential flooding at its source now and in the future</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Protecting water resources from direct pollution (such as accidental spillage) and diffusing any pollution.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">SUDs is an alternative approach to conventional drainage design and implementation,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">because it attempts to deal with drainage in a more natural way. Elements of SUDs that should be introduced into the surface water design and/or developed by the purchasers of individual site plots are:-</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Swales</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Passive treatment systems such as detention basins, retention ponds and wetlands</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Porous pavements for roads and car parks</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Infiltration basins and storage tanks</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3.0 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Engineers worldwide have developed sustainable solutions that protect the environment and costs less. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This concept is termed WaterSmart. In a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WaterSmart Development is one in which the dwelling and its surrounding land are designed and used so as to minimize harmful impacts on the natural water cycle. The development responds to natural site features, takes advantage of natures own water supply (rain), uses water efficiently and helps maintain the quality of water in our rivers and streams. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">By incorporating WaterSmart measures in the design of new developments, it is possible to help:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Reduce flood risks in urban areas</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Prevent erosion of waterways, slopes and banks</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Improve water quality in streams and groundwater</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Make more efficient use of water resources</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Reduce the cost of providing and maintaining water infrastructure</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Protect and restore aquatic and riparian ecosystems and habitats</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Protect the scenic, landscape and recreational values of streams</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">The WaterSmart Development emphases on-site collection, treatment and utilization of water flows as part of an integrated ‘treatment chain’. Elements in the chain may include;</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Reuse of roof water for hot water systems, toilet flushing or irrigation</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Reuse of runoff or wastewater for irrigation</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Infiltration of stormwater to underground aquifers</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Specially designed and maintained landscaping for cleansing runoff and conserving water.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">The WaterSmart Development requires sensitive responses and gives considerations to site characteristics such as soil type, slope, water table, rainfall, and the scale and density of development.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">SITE PLANNING</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">The first rule is to understand the site. Before deciding where to place buildings, driveways and other structures, the wise designer identifies the opportunities and constraints of the site and integrates them into a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘whole site’</b> approach. This allows existing problems to be dealt with and helps ensure that the final design is in tune with the site’s topography, climate, soils, vegetation and water. Such a design is said to respond positively to site constraints and opportunities.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">RAINWATER TANKS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">There is currently an enormous resurgence of interest in using rainwater tanks due to their many economic and environmental benefits. Rainwater collected from roofs and stored in tanks is an excellent water source for hot water systems, toilets, washing machines and garden irrigation. Benefits of rainwater tanks include reduced mains water demand, reduced water supply infrastructure costs, improved environmental flows downstream of water supply dams, and reduced concentration of stormflows in urban streams.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">INFILTRATION DEVICES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Infiltration devices allow percolation of stormwater to the surrounding soil, whilst also providing temporary storage of storm runoff. This can have many benefits, including reduced concentration of stormflows, less reliance on piped drainage and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>increased groundwater recharge.</u></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Modern infiltration devices are designed and constructed so as to minimize clogging by silt material, and can be designed to overflow to landscaped areas or the street drainage system when their capacity is exceeded during major storms. A number of pollutant removal mechanisms operate within these devices, giving significant water quality benefits. Extensive research has shown that infiltration is a very practical option for stormwater and groundwater management. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">PAVING</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">In present developments, paved (or ‘impervious’) surfaces such as roads, driveways and courtyards cover a very significant area. These surfaces have many harmful impacts on the water cycle.</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">They contribute to increased peak and total stormwater discharges, increased downstream flooding, streambank erosion, sewer surcharges and the need for expensive infrastructure to mitigate nuisance flooding. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Paved areas also reduce the volume of rainwater that infiltrates to the subsoil.</u></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">The impacts of paved surfaces can be reduced by:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Limiting the area of paved surfaces</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Directing stormwater runoff from paved surfaces to landscaped areas, gardens and lawns rather than to the street drainage system.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Using porous paving systems.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">LANDSCAPE MEASURES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">A wide variety of landscape measures can be used to manage stormwater flows, utilize stormwater within the site and minimize supplementary watering of landscaping. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>The careful design and placement of landscape measures can have many benefits for the water cycle, including reduced peak stormwater discharges, increased groundwater recharge, reduced erosion and sedimentation, increased retention of soil moisture and lower water costs.</u></i> This is in addition to likely aesthetic and ecological benefits. Landscape measures include but are not limited to:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Rock and gravel basins</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Vegetated filter strips</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Soak areas</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Wind and sun protection</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Plant selection</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Efficient irrigation</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">WASTEWATER REUSE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">The majority of water used for indoor domestic purposes is discharged after use as ‘wastewater’. Wastewater can be collected by a reticulated sewage system and treated at a conventional wastewater treatment plant. Alternatively, it can be collected, treated and re-used on-site, thereby promoting more efficient water use. This has many significant economic and environmental benefits for the community. However, on-site reuse of domestic wastewater is subject to various restrictions due to concerns about effluent quality, maintenance and health issues.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">GROUNDWATER</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Groundwater extracted from bores can be an important water source for domestic use. Many urban areas occur over a suitable aquifer. Groundwater quality varies from place to place, and may be unsuitable for domestic purposes. For example, groundwater can be saline or be contaminated by human activities. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Where groundwater quality is unsuitable, artificial recharge of stormwater into the quifer can often be used to produce suitable water supplies. This process is known as aquifer storage and recovery.</u></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #09396d; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Black;">4.0 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A STORMWATER AND GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT POLICY ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Stormwater runoff from intense storm events can pose serious risks to life and property. It is essential that the design of overland flow paths, on-site detention storages and other stormwater management measures meet relevant safety criteria for pedestrians, vehicles and property damage.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;"> Similarly poor considerations of groundwater management issues have negative impacts on the environment as discussed in the preceding paragraphs. It is therefore pertinent that all stakeholders in urbanization form part of the contemporary trend towards more ‘sustainable’ solutions that protect the environment.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Environmental impact of urban stormwater run-off is characterized by the high levels of sediment and other pollutants, both particulate and dissolved, together with the volume and rate of flow of the run-off causing flooding and erosion in the receiving water. The government in conjunction with the Nigerian Society of Engineers should develop appropriate design criteria to address these various effects for private and public developments.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The design criteria shall be developed to enable urban run-off (run-off from new developments) to more closely replicate the greenfield (predevelopment) condition in protecting river water quality and reducing other negative environmental impacts.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Appropriate design criteria to help protect the environment through stormwater and groundwater management include:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">No run-off shall pass directly from any property to public drainage channels for rainfall depths of 10mm and up to 25mm.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Infiltration drainage techniques shall be designed for every new development ;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Use of stormwater treatment techniques shall be mandatory for all developments covering a land area of more than 3500 sq.m.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In practice, there are a number of practical constraints in applying these criteria. 10mm of rainfall run-off from an urban area, especially with a high-density development, provides a considerable volume of runoff. Infiltration may be a problem for several reasons; the first being that the soil may be fairly impervious (clay), secondly groundwater levels may be high at certain times in the year and thirdly washoff from certain surfaces, particularly roads, often contains high levels of polluted sediment and, depending upon the maintenance regime, will usually result in blockage of infiltration units over a period of time.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The fact that it might be difficult to comply with these design criteria in all circumstances does not mean that these criteria are not valid. They should be applied wherever a reliable solution is possible. Where it is not possible to store and dispose of 10 mm of rainfall, it might be possible to intercept runoff from 5 mm, which will still provide considerable benefits. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Achieving zero runoff from the first 5mm or 10mm of rainfall is often not practicable, and therefore emphasis is also needed on achieving some treatment of the stormwater run-off. This ensures that any runoff discharged to the river is of significantly better quality than direct runoff from a pipe network. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The above measures will also help in aquifer storage and recovery thereby reducing the high cost of water and drainage infrastructures. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #09396d; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Black;">References</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Akintola, F.O. (1978). The Hydrological Consequences of Urbanization: A Case of Ibadan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">City in Sada and Oguntoyinbo (eds). Urbanization processes and problems in Nigeria.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibadan, Ibadan University Press.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Argue, J.R. (2002). </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-LightItalic;">On-site Retention of Stormwater: Introduction and Design Procedures</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Urban Water Resources Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">Carleton, M.G. & Ing (1992). ‘Stormflow reduction using site infiltration-detention’, </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-LightItalic;">Proc. International Symposium on Urban Stormwater Management</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Frutiger-Light;">, Sydney, The Institution of Engineers, Australia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br />
Thank you for reading through. If you like this article, please click the button below.<br />
<script src="http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like href="www.servicesconsultant.blogspot.com" layout="button_count" show_faces="true" width="450" font="tahoma"></fb:like>Godwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06471365832518926703noreply@blogger.com3